Swiftlet Industry

Birds And Bees - Why Flowers Have Pretty Colors

2010-12-14T06:28:00.000-08:00

Birds And Bees - Why Flowers Have Pretty Colors

Flowers And Color: How The Bees Sees Ultravioletly

2010-12-14T06:27:00.000-08:00

Flowers And Color: How The Bees Sees Ultravioletly

A Silent Forest 5 of 5

2010-11-20T07:27:00.001-08:00

A Silent Forest 4 of 5

2010-11-20T07:27:00.000-08:00

A Silent Forest 3 of 5

2010-11-20T07:26:00.001-08:00

A Silent Forest 2 of 5

2010-11-20T07:26:00.000-08:00

A Silent Forest 1 of 5

2010-11-20T07:25:00.000-08:00

2010-07-26T18:44:00.001-07:00

suara walet 6

We love swiftlet farming: Sanctuary for swiftlet – 10 test to pass!

2010-07-10T20:09:00.000-07:00

We love swiftlet farming: Sanctuary for swiftlet – 10 test to pass!

Batu Putih_The Way In.jpg

2010-07-09T06:31:00.000-07:00

Batu Putih_The Way In.jpg

在美国看洋媳妇教子

2010-07-07T18:05:00.001-07:00

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From: dtgtan@starhub.net.sgTo: ;Subject: 在美国看洋媳妇教子Date: Wed, 7 Jul 2010 11:17:19 +0800
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在美国看洋媳妇教子——摘自《现代家长》张淑敏（嫌啰嗦几句：今天无意中浏览到这篇文章，真的值得所有的中国家长去仔细思考。）儿子去美国留学，毕业后定居美国。还给我找了个洋媳妇苏珊。如今，小孙子托比已经3岁了。今年夏天，儿子为我申请了探亲签证。在美国待了三个月，洋媳妇苏珊教育孩子的方法，令我这个中国婆婆大开眼界。不吃饭就饿着每天早上，托比醒来后，苏珊把早餐往餐桌上一放，就自顾自地忙去了。托比会自己爬上凳子，喝牛奶，吃面包片。吃饱后，他回自己的房间，在衣柜里找衣服、鞋子，再自己穿上。毕竟托比只有3岁，还搞不清楚子的正反面，分不清鞋子的左右脚。有一次托比又把裤子穿反了，我赶紧上前想帮他换，却被苏珊制止了。她说，如果他觉得不舒服，会自己脱下来，重新穿好；如果他没觉得有什么不舒服，那就随他的便。那一整天，托比反穿着裤子跑来跑去，苏姗像没看见一样。又一次，托比出去和邻居家的小朋友玩，没多大会就气喘吁吁地跑回家，对苏珊说：“妈妈，露西说我的裤子穿反了，真的吗？”露西是邻居家的小姑娘，今年5岁。苏姗笑着说：“是的，你要不要换回来？”托比点点头，自己脱下裤子，仔细看了看，重新穿上了。从那以后，托比再也没穿反过裤子。我不禁想起，我的外孙女五六岁时不会用筷子，上小学时不会系鞋带。如今在上寄宿制初中的她，每个周末都要带回家一大堆脏衣服呢。一天中午，托比闹情绪，不肯吃饭。苏珊说了他几句，愤怒地小托比一把将盘子推到了地上，盘子里的食物洒了一地。苏姗看着托比，认真地说：“看来你确实不想吃饭！记住，从现在到明天早上，你什么都不能吃。”托比点点头，坚定地回答：“Yes!”我在心里暗笑，这母子俩，还都挺倔！下午，苏珊和我商量，晚上由我做中国菜。我心领神会，托比告别爱吃中国菜，一定是苏珊觉得托比中午没好好吃饭，想让他晚上多吃点儿。那天晚上我施展厨艺，做了托比最爱吃的糖醋脊、油闷大虾，还用意大利面做了中国式的凉面。托比最喜欢吃那种凉面，小小的人可以吃满满一大盘。开始吃晚饭了，托比欢天喜地地爬上凳子。苏珊却走过来，拿走了他的盘子和刀叉，说：“我们已经约好了，今天你不能吃饭，你自己也答应了的。”托比看着面容严肃的妈妈，“哇”地一声在哭起来，边哭边说：“妈妈，我饿，我要吃饭。”“不行，说过的话要算数。”苏珊毫不心软。我心疼了，想替托比求情，说点好话，却见儿子对我使眼色。想起我刚到美国时，儿子就跟我说，在美国，父母教育孩子时，别人千万不要插手，即使是长辈也不例外。无奈，我只好保持沉默。那顿饭，从始至终，可怜的小托比一直坐在玩具车里，眼巴巴地看着我们三个大人狼吞虎咽。我这才明白苏珊让我做中餐的真正用意。我相信，下一次，托比想发脾气扔饭碗时，一定会想起自己饿着肚子看爸爸妈妈和奶奶享用美食的经历。饿着肚子的滋味不好受，况且还是面对自己最喜爱的食物。临睡前，我和苏珊一起去向托比道晚安。托比小心翼翼地问：“妈妈，我很饿，现在我能吃中国面吗？”苏珊微笑着摇摇头，坚决地说：“不！”托比叹了口气，又问：“那等我睡完觉睁开眼睛时，可以吃吗？”“当然可以。”苏珊温柔地回答。托比甜甜地笑了。大部分情况下，托比吃饭都很积极，他不想因为“罢吃”而错过食物，再受饿肚子的苦。每当看到托比埋头大口大口地吃饭，嘴上脸上粘的都是食物时，我就想起外孙女。她像托比这么大时，为了哄她吃饭，几个大人端着饭碗跟在她屁股后面跑，她还不买账，还要谈条件：吃完这碗买一个玩具，再吃一碗买一个玩具…… 以其人之道，还治其人这身有一天，我们带托比去公园玩。很快，托比就和两个女孩儿玩起了厨房游戏。塑料小锅、小铲子、小盘子、小碗摆了一地。忽然，淘气的托比拿起小锅，使劲在一个女孩儿头上敲了一下，女孩儿愣了一下，放声大哭。另一个女孩儿年纪更小一些，见些情形，也被吓得大哭起来。大概托比没想到会有这么严重的后果，站在一旁，愣住了。苏珊走上前，开清了事情的来龙去脉后，她一声不吭，拿起小锅，使劲敲到托比的头上，托比没防备，一下子跌坐在草地上，哇哇大哭起来。苏珊问托比：“疼吗？下次还这样吗？”托比一边哭，一边拼命摇头。我相信他以后再也不会这么做了。托比的舅舅送了他一辆浅蓝色的小自行车，托比非常喜欢，当成宝贝，不许别人碰。邻居小姑娘露西是托比的好朋友，央求托比好几次，要骑他的小车，托比都没答应。一次，几个孩子一起玩时，露西趁托比不注意，偷偷骑上小车，扬长而去。托比发现后，气愤地跑来向苏珊告状。苏珊正和几个孩子的母亲一起聊天喝咖啡，便微笑着说：“你们的事情自己解决，妈妈可管不了。”托比无奈地走了。过了一小会儿，露西骑着小车回来了。托比看到露西，一把将她推倒在地，抢过了小车。露西坐在地上大哭起来。苏珊抱起露西，安抚了她一会儿。很快，露西就和别的小朋友兴高采烈地玩了起来。托比自己骑了会车，觉得有些无聊，看到那几个孩子玩得那么高兴，他想加入，又觉得有些不好意思。他蹭到苏珊身边，嘟囔道：“妈妈，我想跟露西他们一起玩。”苏珊不动声色地说：“那你自己去找他们啦！”“妈妈，你陪我一起去。”托比恳求道。“那可不行，刚才是你把露西弄哭的，现在你又想和大家玩，就得自己去解决问题。” 托比骑着小车慢慢靠近露西，快到她身边时，又掉头回来。来回好几次，不知道从什么时候开始，托比和露西又笑逐颜开，闹成了一团。管教孩子是父母的事苏珊的父母住在加利福尼亚州，听说我来了，两人开车来探望我们。家里来了客人，托比很兴奋，跑上跑下地乱窜。他把玩沙子用的小桶装满了水，提着小桶在屋里四处转悠。苏珊警告了她好几次，不要把水洒到地板上，托比置若罔闻。最后，托比还是把水桶弄倒了，水洒了一地。兴奋的小托比不觉得自己做错了事，还得意地光着脚丫踩水玩，把裤子全弄湿了。我连忙找出拖把准备拖地。苏珊从我手中抢过拖把交给托比，对他说：“把地拖干，把湿衣服脱下来，自己洗干净。”托比不愿意，又哭又闹。苏珊二话不说，直接把他拉到贮藏室，关了禁闭。听到托比在里面发出惊天动地的哭喊，我心疼坏了，想进去把他抱出来。托比的外婆却拦住我，说：“这是苏珊的事。” 过了一会儿，托比不哭了，他在贮藏室里大声喊：“妈妈，我错了。”苏珊站在门外，问：“那你知道该怎么做了吗？”“我知道。”苏珊打开门，托比从贮藏室走出来，脸上还挂着两行泪珠。他拿起有他两个高的拖把吃力地把地上的水拖干净。然后，他脱下裤子，拎在手上，光着屁股走进洗手间，稀里哗啦地洗起衣服来。托比的外公外婆看着表情惊异的我，意味深长地笑了。这件事让我感触颇深。在很多中国家庭，父母管教孩子时，常常会引起“世界大战”，往往是外婆外公护，爷爷奶奶拦，夫妻吵架，鸡飞狗跳。后来，我和托比的外公外婆聊天时，提到这件事，托比的外公说了一段话，让我印象深刻。他说，孩子是父母的孩子，首先要尊重父母对孩子的教育方式。孩子虽然小，却是天生的外交家，当他看到家庭成员之间出现分歧时，他会很聪明地钻空子。这不仅对改善他的行为毫无益处，反而会导致问题越来越严重，甚至带来更多别的问题。而且，家庭成员之间发生冲突，不和谐的家庭氛围会带给孩子更多的不安全感，对孩子的心理发展产生不利影响。所以，无论是父辈与祖辈在教育孩子的问题上发生分歧，还是夫妻两人的教育观念有差异，都不能在孩子面前发生冲突。托比的外公外婆在家里住了一周，准备回加利福尼亚了。临走前两天，托比的外公郑重地问女儿：“托比想要一辆玩具挖掘机，我可以买给他吗？”苏珊想了想，说：“你们这次来，已经送给他一双旱冰鞋作为礼物了，到圣诞节时，再买玩具挖掘机当礼物送给他吧！” 我不知道托比的外公是怎么告诉小家伙的，后来我带托比去超市，他指着玩具挖掘机说：“外公说，圣诞节时，给我买这个当礼物。”语气里满是欣喜和期待。虽然苏珊对托比如此严格，托比去却对妈妈爱得不得了。他在外面玩时，会采集一些好看的小花或者他认为漂亮的叶子，郑重其事地送给妈妈；别人送给他礼物，他会叫妈妈和他一起拆开；有什么好吃的，也总要留一半给妈妈。想到很多中国孩子对父母的漠视与冷淡，我不得不佩服我的洋媳妇。在我看来，在教育孩子的问题上，美国妈妈有很多值得中国妈妈学习的地方。

Good

2010-05-27T07:51:00.000-07:00

Edible Birdnest Extract Capsule永康燕窝胶囊

2010-04-14T03:10:00.000-07:00

Ingredients: Birdnest Extract 3oomg//softgel

Recommended Dosage:

4 softgel to be taken twice per day after meal for adult

2 softgel to be taken per day after meal for children

Store in a dry and cool place

Manufactured By: Longevity Wellness Industries Sdn Bhd. http://www.qqbirdnest.com/ or http://www.yongkangbirdnest.com/ or drtanboonsiong@hotmail.com

Swiflet Call

2010-04-03T05:14:00.000-07:00

www.yongkangbirdnest.com or www.qqbirdnest.com

Pureness Birdnest Extract For Epidermal Growth Factor

2010-04-03T03:01:00.000-07:00

for extraction, please refer to www.yongkangbirdnest.com or write to drtanboonsiong@hotmail.com

Unity Is Plural

2010-03-31T07:09:00.000-07:00

There is no right or wrong in anything, there is only whether you learned from the process..I do quite agree with Vasu statement...

from Vasu.................
It is time to speak.
Positive, negative, Good, bad... sides of the same coin.. so if one favours good, taking the analogy of the coin, that structurally it remains flat, then it follows that one must also give equal consideration or 'favour' to 'bad'. Otherwise the coin would become unstable and become distorted - Since they must coexist.
I would like to highlight 3 things I observed in relation to this thing called 'positive' thinking as I 'straightened' things out in my life:
1. It is only the first of many steps - it begins with this.
2. It OK to be negative sometimes - as long as you are aware and have a sense of humour around it
3. Non attachment and non judgement to results is key
So what do I mean?
I have come to realise that in my most 'negative' (I use the inverted comma to highlight the fact that I have a different thinking around the 2 concepts) times, it is not the event or person or thing that caused the 'negativity', but my resistance of the truth around the event. If my marriage fails, the 'negativity' stems from the pain of non acceptance. I don't want to feel like a failure, or I don't want to be alone, or I don't like answering to society etc. Anything "I don't want" is a 'negative' - hence the negative feelings around it.
If I am an Awakened soul, and only if I was one, I would have acted differently... I am not. It can be hard to deal with the TRUTH. So to hide from it I give excuses - She left, there was someone else, we changed, we grew apart, we should have known...all the reasons to absolve me and either blame the other person (shirk off the responsibility) or share the blame (lessen Responsibility).
I found that the way to get out of this is 'Positive' thinking. I sang positive songs, read positive books, wrote positive notes about my self. That created a state in me that desired change. That is what 'POSITIVE' thinking did.. Only Create the desire for things to change.. to be different.. preferably in a positive way.
So it begins with this.
Next It is OK to be 'NEGATIVE' as long as you can have a sense of humour about it. I've on occassions allowed myself to 'slip' and be 'negative'. It is fun, blaming and bitching and laughing at people..it's quite liberating sometimes. Then what I do is laugh at myself for being so 'negative'. then 'Whoosh' it all away. Try it.
And finally I realised that the feeling of negativity stems from our expectations. We embark on a journey and then want and try to temper the outcome. and when it is not as what we wanted.. we call it a failure and become 'negative' around the outcome. I found that this is the surest way to set myself up for 'negative' thinking.
I found that visualising the outcome helps.. and when the outcome is not as 'expected', thank the Universe for the NEW experience and make adjustments to behavior, or action..to then see what the new results can be.
This is what I found.

Lord Cranbrook is doing Swiflet DNA research

2010-03-11T23:24:00.000-08:00

Lord Cranbrook is doing Swiflet DNA research

2009-12-07T20:30:00.000-08:00

http://www.flickr.com/photos/30567240@N03/

Yongkang BirdNest (Only for 24 -25 /11/2009)

2009-11-22T20:22:00.000-08:00

柔燕窩商工業公會促出席‧11月辦馬中燕窩業拓展會

2009-10-23T06:48:00.000-07:00

各位朋友，还有一个月的时间，马中燕窝拓展会将来临。希望各位朋友踊跃出席！买票，参展，样样行。。。

Saturday, October 3, 2009

柔燕窩商工業公會促出席‧11月辦馬中燕窩業拓展會

（柔佛‧新山）柔佛州燕窩商工業公會將於11月24日，舉辦題為“馬中燕窩業與柔南特區商機拓展會”的活動，屆時將有來自中、港、台、汶萊與新加坡商家參與；本地商家受促踴躍出席。

柔佛州燕窩商工業公會主席陳文祥，以及協辦單位”實踐家教育集團”的代表曾惠晶，活動工委黃時為、王祚樂、莫僑銘、楊敦漢、鄭國順、王國宇，週三（8月12日）在新聞發佈會上披露上述訊息。

陳文祥：推廣純正燕窩文化

另一協辦單位是依斯干達特區發展局。預計會有400人出席是項活動，包括約200名來自上述國家與地區的華商。活動地點在新山區免稅區麗晶酒店。

柔佛州燕窩商工業公會主席陳文祥表示，活動從上午9時進行到晚上9時許；拓展會旨在推廣純正燕窩文化，並讓商家從中發掘馬來西亞依斯干達特區的商機。

他說，是日早上9時開始有檔位展覽，晚上7時30分有台灣著名講師也是實踐家教育集團董事長林偉賢講座；其間也有燕窩工業講座與依斯干達特區說明會。

有意參展的檔位，可聯絡黃時為（012-7136606）與王祚樂（019-7776315）；有意刊登活動特刊廣告的商家，可聯絡莫僑銘（012-7171719）。

星洲日報／大柔佛‧2009.08.12

馬中燕窩業與柔南特區商機拓展會

2009-10-04T01:50:00.001-07:00

Saturday, October 3, 2009
柔燕窩商工業公會促出席‧11月辦馬中燕窩業拓展會

（柔佛‧新山）柔佛州燕窩商工業公會將於11月24日，舉辦題為“馬中燕窩業與柔南特區商機拓展會”的活動，屆時將有來自中、港、台、汶萊與新加坡商家參與；本地商家受促踴躍出席。

柔佛州燕窩商工業公會主席陳文祥，以及協辦單位”實踐家教育集團”的代表曾惠晶，活動工委黃時為、王祚樂、莫僑銘、楊敦漢、鄭國順、王國宇，週三（8月12日）在新聞發佈會上披露上述訊息。

陳文祥：推廣純正燕窩文化

另一協辦單位是依斯干達特區發展局。預計會有400人出席是項活動，包括約200名來自上述國家與地區的華商。活動地點在新山區免稅區麗晶酒店。

柔佛州燕窩商工業公會主席陳文祥表示，活動從上午9時進行到晚上9時許；拓展會旨在推廣純正燕窩文化，並讓商家從中發掘馬來西亞依斯干達特區的商機。

他說，是日早上9時開始有檔位展覽，晚上7時30分有台灣著名講師也是實踐家教育集團董事長林偉賢講座；其間也有燕窩工業講座與依斯干達特區說明會。

有意參展的檔位，可聯絡黃時為（012-7136606）與王祚樂（019-7776315）；有意刊登活動特刊廣告的商家，可聯絡莫僑銘（012-7171719）。

星洲日報／大柔佛‧2009.08.12

“馬中燕窩業與柔南特區商機拓展會”

2009-10-04T01:46:00.000-07:00

A message from Natural Resources and Environment Ministry

2009-09-05T03:32:00.000-07:00

Hi Friends,

Please read this extracted article from Star....

"Saturday, September 5, 2009
Swiftlet farming will boost economy

http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2009/9/4/focus/4631332&sec=focus

THE Department of Wildlife and National Parks (DWNP) appreciates the concern highlighted in “It’s time to ban farming of swiftlets” (The Star, Aug 28).

Edible-nest swiftlet (Aerodramus fuciphagus) is currently protected under the Protection of Wildlife Act 1972 [Act 76]. It is widely distributed in the South-East Asian region and commonly mistaken for swallows.

The swiftlet is slightly smaller in size and is free flying, perching only at its nest and nowhere else.

This is one of the species which is known to have commercial value throughout the world. Due to that, many venture into this industry and bird-houses have mushroomed throughout peninsular Malaysia, especially in the urban areas.

In order to lure the swiftlets into the house, the bird-house operator will set up speakers playing bird sounds outside and inside the house.

Currently the DWNP, together with related agencies and with cooperation from Bird Nest Association, is revising the guidelines on time usage to play the audio.

A sampling conducted by a related agency shows that the swiftlet is not a carrier of the bird flu disease.

The bird-houses are regularly cleaned as the swiftlets prefer a clean environment. Bird-house operators also practise systematic harvesting of bird nests, done only when the fledglings have left the nest to fend for themselves.

Currently, the DWNP is conducting research under the 9th Malaysia Plan for the sustainable management and conservation on the species. The results will help the DWNP in conserving this species, and at the same time benefit Malaysians and the country’s economy.

DR AMERJIT SINGH,

For Secretary-General,

Natural Resources and Environment Ministry,

Putrajaya.

Posted "birdnest

Billion Revenue From Edible Birdnest In Malaysia

2009-08-23T20:21:00.002-07:00

Billion Revenue From Edible Birdnest in Malaysia

View more presentations from Longevity Wellness Industries Sdn Bhd.

Edible Birdnest Export Procedure

2009-08-23T20:21:00.001-07:00

EBN Export Procedure by(Dr Zaliha)

View more presentations from Longevity Wellness Industries Sdn Bhd.

马来西亚燕窝生意兴旺引发当地居民抗议

2009-08-22T21:24:00.000-07:00

马来西亚燕窝生意兴旺引发当地居民抗议
2009-08-07
马来西亚是继印尼和泰国之后的世界第三大燕窝供应国。然而，马来西亚兴旺的燕窝生意的生产方式近来却招徕当地居民的抗议。自由亚洲电台记者闻剑的采访报道。

在位于马来西亚首都吉隆坡西南的港口城市巴生港，一家旅馆业主已将他多层旅馆建筑物的部分改建成金丝燕的“汽车旅馆”，因为金丝燕可以在那里筑巢，可以生产出华人世界视之为珍贵佳肴和名贵药材的燕窝。为了吸引金丝燕离开他们自然筑巢的洞穴，在旅馆混凝土建筑物上“安家落户”，这位旅馆业主必须从早到晚播放刺耳的燕叫声。从早到晚播放的燕叫声，再加上大量金丝燕的嘈杂声和粪便使当地居民原本正常的生活平静被打破了。

失去了平静生活的当地居民开始抗议，要求政府规范和管理兴旺但却无序的燕窝生意。

在中华文化中，燕窝一直被看成是一种滋补的珍品，有着“东方鱼子酱”美誉。对此，在美国纽约经营新怡东大酒楼、纽约中国城华商俱乐部负责人杨功德表示：

“燕窝很多人在传说是保美容的嘛。所以很多人对燕窝方面比较有兴致嘛。特别女孩子为美容什么的。燕窝应该说对人体很有帮助，听传说燕窝可以保美容健美这东西的，所以很多人听这个大名来寻找。燕窝当做典品来用也不算很多，一般呢，可是很多人买回去做保健用。”

虽然华人世界消费了全世界百分之七八十的燕窝，但消费大户中国大陆并不怎么生产品质良好的燕窝，大多数依赖进口。华人消费者不仅认为燕窝是一种保健滋补品面具有壮阳和延年益寿功效，而且还是一种地位的象征，历史上只有帝王才能享用。对此，旅居美国的中国问题观察人士张伟国表示：

“现在中国好像又有钱了，恢复一些生活传统或者是把这种东西做为是一种追求时尚，做为自己身价的一种标志。这个也是中国社会本身畸形发展的一种情况。因为在一个正常社会里面这种东西它消费肯定都是很有限的。”

燕窝的消费，如果单单看中国海关的统计的确很有限。统计资料显示，中国国内以正常进口方式的燕窝，近年来始终保持在每年一吨以下。然而，有业内人士保守估计，去年一年中国燕窝消费量却在350吨以上。中国海关的统计和实际消费差距如此之大，这说明大多数燕窝都是走私进入中国。张卫国对此表示：

“你看要这么大规模进行走私才能去消费的这样一种行为，我的感觉本身就它已经很有趣了，很变态了吧。另外一个就是这种关系随着自然和文明的发展，它也会有一个调整。就像以前中医里对虎骨不是很看重的嘛，等到这个动物保护浪潮到了某一种程度以后，他也不得不做调整。”

张伟国所说的调整是指中国人对燕窝的消费数量和观念也会随着有关情况的变化而改变。总部设在英国伦敦的环保组织“地球之友”马来西亚分部要求马来西亚政府及禁止人工生产燕窝生意，因为除了对当地居民的生活和健康造成影响之外，金丝燕的自然生态受到破坏。

以上是自由亚洲电台记者闻剑的采访报道。

While enjoying the lucrative business, please look at the negative outcome...

2009-08-18T08:17:00.000-07:00

Dear fellow birdfarmers,

It is very sad to read another article about the negative effect of our swiflet industry. If this complains were to be going on, i can't imagine what will be our business in future.......please be considerate.......

"'Bird's nest' boom in Malaysia sparks protests
By M. Jegathesan (AFP) – Aug 5, 2009

KLANG, Malaysia — Thousands of bird "motels" have opened across Malaysia to lure the swiftlets whose nests are harvested to make bird's nest soup, a costly delicacy in Chinese cuisine.

But as the business booms and flocks of swiftlets -- who make the nests out of their saliva -- descend on towns and villages, the noisy, messy practice has triggered a wave of protest.

In the heart of the coastal town of Klang, southwest of the capital Kuala Lumpur, the owner of the Goldcourse Hotel has converted part of the multi-storey building into a swiftlet "motel".

To entice the swiflets to build their nests in their concrete home -- and not their natural cave habitat -- from sun-up to sun-down a soundtrack of shrill bird noises including mating calls is blasted from speakers.

Nearby, other entrepreneurs have opened competing ventures by turning four-storey shophouses into bird havens, and the cacophony and shower of bird droppings is alienating those living and working nearby.

"The sound is so loud and irritating, and the bird droppings can be harmful to our health," said local resident Abdul Hamid Abdullah as he watched the swiflets dart in and out of the buildings.

"These birds build their nests in caves. That is where they should be," the 46-year-old told AFP.

Malaysia's swiftlet industry began in the 1980s but gained momentum after the 1997 Asian financial crisis when entrepreneurs converted the interiors of abandoned properties into bird motels.

Fans of the gelatinous soup, which is popular in China, Hong Kong and Taiwan, say it can stave off ageing, boost sex drive, prevent lung disease and enhance the complexion.

A kilogram (2.2 pounds) of the small, cup-shaped nests can fetch 4,000 ringgit (1,130 dollars), and the combination of big profits and a lack of legislation has seen countless swiftlet "farms" established illegally in populated areas.

Kenneth Khoo, from the Small and Medium Industries Association in northern Penang, told AFP that the global trade in raw bird's nests was estimated at 20 billion ringgit (5.7 billion dollars).

"Swiftlet farming in Malaysia is a sunrise industry. Demand far exceeds supply as more wealthy Chinese emerge," he said, adding that bird's nest soup remains a status-booster on business menus in China, Hong Kong and Taiwan.

Khoo said Indonesia controls up to 70 percent of the business in the region, sourcing its bird's nests from both caves and farms, while the other two main producers are Thailand and Malaysia.

He estimated that there are at least 35,000 swiftlet farms in Malaysia, only about 4,500 with legal permits, in a business worth 800 million to 1.2 billion ringgit.

But as the industry expands along the east and west coasts of peninsular Malaysia, opposition to the swiflet farms is growing louder and environmentalists are demanding a complete ban.

There are also allegations of cruelty as some "farmers" reputedly destroy chicks and fertilised eggs in order to harvest the nests at times when prices are high.

Conservation group Friends of the Earth has condemned the trade and called on the government to close down the proliferating swiftlet farms.

"This rather impetuous booming industry has led to complaints from the public due to the nuisance, health hazards and the number of bird hotels coming up," said Mohamad Idris, president of the group's Malaysian branch.

"Collectors may not wait long enough for the young to fledge, often throwing the chicks onto the ground or leaving them to die after taking the nests," he said.

"In view of the problems faced by many in the farming of swiftlets and from the welfare point of view of the birds, we would like to call for a ban on all farming of swiftlets."

Kaum Melayu Tidak Ketinggalan Dalam Pengusahaan Burung Walit

2009-08-12T05:08:00.000-07:00

Pada 3hb Ogos 2009, dalam seminar GAHP burung walit anjuran pihak Jabatan Perkhidmatan Veterinar Johor,saya rasa bangga kerana telah mendengar seorang usahawan yang amat berjaya dalam usaha burung walit. Beliau telah sanggup menghasilkan lebih kurang 10kg sebulan sarang burung,ini bermakna lebih kurang RM 40,000 sebulan. Beliau adalah En Aisa Bin Harun. Adakah anda minat angka-angka yang banyak ooooo???

Di sini salah satu lagi pengusaha kaum Melayu yang berjaya. Beliau bukan sahaja dapat pendapatan dari Hasil Kelapa Sawit, bahkan juga dapat dari penjualan sarang burung walit tiap-tiap bulan. Syabas, harap lebih lagi Kaum Melayu dampir ke hadapan untuk mencontohi mereka. Just Do It!

Berita terbitan dari internet adalah seperti berikut:

"KOTA TINGGI 10 Ogos - Bukan mudah bagi Ibrahim Marsan, 51, untuk memulakan projek sarang burung walit.

Namun atas usaha dan minat yang mendalam, dia sanggup menebalkan muka bertanya kepada para penternak sedia ada.

Ibrahim yang merupakan salah seorang peneroka di Felda Lok Heng Barat, Kota Tinggi, Johor bernasib baik kerana mempunyai ramai rakan kaum Cina yang mengusahakan penternakan itu dan tidak lokek untuk menurunkan ilmu kepadanya.

Menurutnya, salah satu faktor dia ingin menceburi bidang tersebut kerana ia mampu memberikan keuntungan lumayan.

"Sudah 22 tahun saya menetap di Felda ini dan melakukan pekerjaan yang sama iaitu menanam kelapa sawit. Kita tanam dan apabila sudah masak kita pungut dan perkara yang sama perlu dilakukan sehingga pokok ditebang untuk tanam semula.

"Apabila pokok-pokok ditebang, peladang tidak ada hasil serta terpaksa meminjam untuk meneruskan kehidupan. Justeru, saya lihat penternakan burung walit ini berbeza daripada biasa. Kita tidak perlu beli benih, menjaga atau bagi makan, cuma sediakan rumah sahaja dan cukup masa kutip hasil yang berpanjangan," katanya.

Menyedari kelebihan itu, Ibrahim nekad mengambil keputusan membina rumah burung walit pertamanya pada dua tahun lalu dengan kos RM40,000.

Rumah burung berkenaan yang dibina dengan modal hasil titik peluh selama ini didirikan di bahagian atas rumahnya.

"Nak bina rumah burung di tapak lain, saya takut kalau projek pertama ini tidak menjadi dan sebab itulah bina di atas rumah.

"Alhamdulillah, setelah dua tahun saya dapat melihat hasilnya. Memang menguntungkan, namun setakat ini saya belum mengkomersialkan lagi dan hanya untuk makanan kami sekeluarga sahaja," katanya.

Ibrahim turut mempunyai bengkel membaiki motosikal yang diuruskan oleh anaknya itu berkata, pada masa ini terdapat kira-kira 2,000 ekor burung walit yang menginap di rumah burung miliknya.

Setiap hari, dia akan memainkan muzik bunyi burung dari pukul 6.30 pagi hingga 7.45 petang untuk memanggil burung-burung berkenaan.

Katanya, burung tersebut tidak akan membina sarang dengan mudah jika persekitarannya tidak sesuai dan biasanya setelah empat bulan menginap, barulah burung-burung itu akan membina sarang daripada air liurnya.

Menyedari projek penternakan itu mampu memberi pendapatan lumayan, Ibrahim kini memperuntukkan RM200,000 untuk membina sebuah lagi rumah burung dua tingkat yang lebih besar berhampiran rumahnya dan dijangka siap akhir tahun ini.

DiwariskanBapa kepada lima anak iaitu Helmi, 28; Elizam, 25; Elizan, 24; Elliza, 22; dan Mohd. Eezad, 19, berkata, hasil perkongsian hidup dengan Rosidah Dawi, 50, apa yang diusahakan akan diwariskan kepada anak-anaknya pada masa akan datang.

"Sekarang ini saya hanya dapat pungut satu kilogram (kg) sahaja sarang burung. Pada saya itu petanda baik kerana satu gram harga jualan adalah RM4.50. Mungkin pada masa depan saya mampu memungut 10 hingga 20kg sarang burung sebulan.

"Kalau ada yang berminat untuk memulakan projek ini saya sedia berkongsi pengalaman kerana ia menguntungkan. Saya harap lebih ramai orang Melayu mengusahakan penternakan ini," katanya yang turut mendapat sebuah tapak daripada Felda untuk membina sebuah rumah burung lagi.

Menurutnya, setiap satu sarang burung mampu mencecah berat kira-kira 10 gram dan ia dijual dengan harga yang tinggi kerana dipercayai baik untuk kesihatan.

Selain dibuat jeli, sarang burung juga diproses menjadi air minuman kesihatan dengan direndam bagi mengasingkan bulunya sebelum dikukus atau rebus bersama gula batu dan daun pandan."

What is 100% Pure Bird's Nest?

2009-08-10T05:33:00.000-07:00

Dear Friends,

Do you know what is 100% Pure Bird's Nest?

Last week i was referred by Dr Yahasmidah to a company who involved in birdnest cleaning process in Sungai Buluh,Selangor. I visited and checked the process of cleaning methods; I found the process as normal as others birdnest cleaning process plants i.e they are processing genuine white bird's nests. They try hard to maintain the original shape of the nests and forgo the purity of the nests. They left many fine feathers behind the nests. Feathers were containing arsenics. It made the birdnest unpure.

I was told another major issue of the rejection was the total plate count. What is this? It means when counting the bacteria, it exceeded the limits. Why total plate coount? The process is mean for export purposes. Just to prove goods export is free from bacteria and viruses.

Procedure conducting the the is as follow: Take samples about 25 grams, together with Borang MVKJB/KAV01 and send to Veterinary Department for E coli count,Coliform count,Salmonella sp count and Staph. aureus count...Heatlth Certificate will be given upon satisfaction results.

I was told the tests failed 5 out of 5 times sampling tests. What is the issues then?

Yes, they are one of the ignorant processors who learned the technology from unqualifed masters. They were taught to remove feathers and keep the shape of nest as original as possible,so as to look nice. But what about hygenic factors? They ignored the presence of bacterias and viruses, heavy metals,contaminants...

Further to my investigations, some samples tested by Permulab Sdn Bhd shown that, the protein level dropped from 57.4% to 3.02 %. What has happened? The result shown a sharp drop of protein...why? Further investigation shown the use of hydrogen peroxide H2O2 as bleaching agents. It bleached away amino acids,good minerals, epidermic growth factors,antioxidants,etc...?? Modern Swiflet nest Processors are advised not to use any chemicals in the processing. It served no purpose.

I was told the buyers from Hong Kong ask local processors to spray about 250gram of water to 750 gram of nests justto facilitate easy packaging. But this unhygenic practices create a good environment for yeast and molds growth. If yeast and mold grown, then Boric Acids, Potasssium Sulphide,Sodium benzote,and others preservatives were used. This preservatives if consumed daily will hardened our liver and caused cancer. So, do you know why 100% purity of birdnest is important?

Conclusion for 100% Pure Bird Nest:

1. Pure heart: (always put consumers health at priority.)
2. Free from bleaching agent:(soluble amino acids, minerals... will retained)
3. Free from preservatives:(prevent cancer of liver...)
4. No additives added: (to provide pure birdnest)
5. Test for bacteria and virus counts
6. Moisture content should be less than 10%
7. Free from feathers,and other contaminants and heavy metals like mercury, lead,arsenic,chromium,ferrous(ferric),cadmium etc...

Good Luck

Latest news of Swiflet farming in Sarawak,Mukah

2009-05-22T07:16:00.000-07:00

Dear Readers,
Again the lastest news of swiflet farming in Sarawak for your perusal.
"BERNAMA.COM
features SEARCH

Sarawak's Bird Nest Industry Still In Dilemma

By Syed Azwan Syed Ali

KUALA LUMPUR, May 22 (Bernama) -- Probably not many are aware that Malaysia's bird nest industry has grown to RM1 billion per annum in its value following the large scale migration of the edible nest swiftlet from Indonesia about 10 years ago.

The figure is expected to increase due to the steady demand from China where the bird nest soup is a popular delicacy especially among the well heeled segment of the society.

Malaysia is the world's third biggest producer of bird's nest after Indonesia and Thailand with an average of 12 tonnes of nests produced monthly.

The nests made by the edible-nest swiftlet (aerodramus fuciphagus) and the black-nest swiftlet (aerodramus maximus) in Malaysia is said to be of better quality.

LICENSING ISSUES RETARDING THE INDUSTRY

Nevertheless, of late there has been some concerns over the licensing problems of more than 1,500 swiftlet farms in Sarawak that could retard the industry.

In Peninsular Malaysia, swiftlet farms are allowed to be set up within shop houses and commercial lots in towns according to conditions set, but such setups are not allowed within towns in Sarawak.

This is because the Sarawak's Wild Life Protection Ordinance 1998 does not allow swiftlet farming within towns. At the same time, the state has no guidelines to allow swiftlet farming in towns unlike in Peninsular Malaysia.

Furthermore the Wildlife Protection Rules (Edible Bird Nests) 1998 and Wildlife Protection Rules 1998 expounds that the species can only be bred in agricultural areas in outskirts other that its original habitat like caves.

"By right, the state government should support the industry and liaise with the federal government by having a uniform guideline in swiftlet farming," said Koh Ung Leong to Bernama when met in Sibu recently.

The veterinarian said as the edible-nest swiftlet has high economic value, the industry helps to boost local real estate value and serves as a viable alternative to farmers and fishermen.

A survey conducted by Bernama found that many swiftlet farms have been set up in special structures and altered shophouses in towns along the coast line in Mukah, Sibu, Sarikei and Bintulu.

The state's edible-nest swiftlet merchants association earlier had sought the intervention of Chief Minister Tan Sri Abdul Taib Mahmud to find a solution for the dilemma following strict enforcement in Mukah since last October.

THE CURRENT STATUS

Currently there is more than 1,500 swiftlet farms but only two have been licensed by the authorities. This means 99.8 percent of the swiftlet farms in the state is illegal.

"We hope the state government will prepare a guideline similar to the one in Peninsula. We will fully cooperate with the state to solve this issue," said the pro-tem chairman of the Sarikei edible-nest swiftlet merchants association, Wong Hua Ting.

On this issue, the state government has two choices whether to centralise swiftlet farming in a particular location by setting up an eco-park or adapt a specific guideline on swiftlet farming.

"It is impossible to transfer these birds. The swiftlet is not like chicken or duck to be caught and transferred. These birds have made their bird houses as the nest," said the chairman of the federation of Malaysian edible-nest swiftlet merchants association Datuk Beh Heng Seong.

At present, it is still not clear whether the swiftlets can be transferred moreover it is a species protected under the Wildlife Act 1972. As there are risks of the birds dying during transfer, especially the chicks, it is almost impossible to transfer them.

The question remains how the state government especially the Sarawak Forestry Department (SFD) and the Sarawak Forestry Corporation (SFC) will handle the issue without leaving anyone in the losing end including the owners of the swiftlet farms.

THE STAND TAKEN ON THE ISSUE

The Director General of SFD who is also Chief Executive of the SFC Datuk Len Talif Salleh stressed that the industry should be developed systematically based on the existing laws.

"Many of those seeking license are in towns which by the definition of the law they do not qualify," said Len Talif adding that the risks of epidemics like bird flu being the reason why the state government does not want to allow swiftlet farming in towns.

There were also complaints from the public on the stench from the bird droppings and the din from the speaker to entice the swiftlets to nest in the farms.

Len Talif also claimed that the setting up of swiftlet farms within towns disrupts business for some especially those in the food business or having stalls near the farms.

"There should not be guideline to setup the birdhouse in town. This contravenes the law," he said adding that the state government will build an eco-park and provide licenses for individuals keen in setting up the swiftlet farms on agricultural land in the rural areas.

BUREAUCRACY HURDLES

Many of the swiftlet farm owners see red over the bureaucracy involving the Land and Survey Department, Sarawak Planning Authority (SPA), SFC and the local government as the red tape is a serious impediment in getting a license for swiftlet farming.

Furthermore as there is no guarantee that the birds will nest in the proposed eco-park, that is why they want the state government to adopt the Veterinary Services Department's Best Practices in Animal Breeding (GAHP) for the swiftlet farming.

GAHP, which is among the conditions for licensing in Peninsula, has set certain specifications to ensure the swiftlet farms are set up in a conducive and environmentally friendly environment, which among others the noises from the speakers should not exceed 40 decibels and the speaker cone set facing the sky in a 60 degree angle to overcome noise pollution.

"We talk about "1Malaysia" which means the same law for everyone. Why then the state government does not want to accept this guideline," said a bird nest trader from Mukah, John Low.

He was referring to Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak's statement encouraging the people especially the Bumiputeras to venture into swiftlet farming that can boost the local economy.

The Mukah edible-nest swiftlet merchants association protem chairman, Philip Tiong, wanted the authorities to hold a dialog with swiftlet farm owners to find a solution for the dilemma and any `one way dialog' ordering them to shift out should never be the option.

CLAIMS OF MONOPOLY

Nonetheless, several swiftlet farm owners claimed that the setting up of the eco-park including in Mukah is the work of some to monopolise the industry.

This is because a kilogramme of the bird's nest can fetch RM4,000 and the figure doubles after the nests are processed for export to China, Hong Kong and Korea.

If the Mukah district can produce 100 kilogrammes of bird nest valued at RM400,000 monthly, just imagine the amount of revenue that can be generated by 40,000 swiftlet farms all over the country.

Though the allegations of monopoly is yet to be proven, the authorities should attend immediately to the current impasse that can derail the government's plan to develop the bird nest industry.

Meanwhile, head of the swiftlet unit of the Veterinary Services Department Dr Fadzilah A'ini Abdul Kadir noted that the department, which is the leading agency in monitoring the swiftlet industry, is keeping track on the developments in the industry.

Since the last three years, more than 5,000 samples of the swiftlet have been tested by the department and so far they have been free from bird flu and Newcastle disease, said Dr Fadzilah.

-- BERNAMA

We provide (subscription-based)
news coverage in our Newswire service.

"

好消息！政府和养燕公会的谈判结果

2009-05-10T20:52:00.000-07:00

公会与政府机构双赢的谈判！

“马燕窝商联合会全力争取下引燕业统一指南草拟完成
二零零九年五月十日晚上六时五十一分

（双溪大年10日讯）全国统一引燕业指南草拟成功，为马来西亚燕窝业者捎来好消息！

由房屋及地方政府部属下城市乡村规划局所负责的全国统一引燕业指南草拟工作，在马来西亚燕窝商联合会的全力配合下，终于顺利完成。

马来西亚燕窝商联合会自成立以来一直积极向政府反映，通过各管道力争一套全国性的统一指南，使这个行业能有系统化的持续发展，并合法化及企业化。

在联合会多年的默默耕耘下，燕窝业的潜能终获得了政府的肯定。

首相拿督斯里纳吉日前在巫统大会上提倡发展燕窝业为大马的新兴行业。

内阁于今年4月9日批准将发展燕窝业这项目交由农业部属下的兽医局负责。

兽医局在第一时间与马来西亚燕窝商联合会成立一个由政府部门及私人界组织组成的委员会，监督并发展大马燕窝业。委员会的其中一项重务是拟定一套全国性养燕业指南。

马来西亚燕窝联合会在会长拿督巴督卡马兴松的领导下，带领各州燕窝商公会主席，于3月25日与房屋及地方政府部展开初步对话，检讨草拟指南中的条文。联合会针对草拟指南中的各项条文发表看法并提出建议。

联合会随着在5月6日与房屋及地方政府部属下的城市乡村规划局展开第二轮的对话，以进一步敲定新的引燕业指南。

2造经过一番积极且融洽的讨论后，终于成功拟定一份双方都能接受的引燕业指南建议书。

草拟指南删除燕屋漂白计划禁新进业者市区引燕

在联合会的积极争取下，当局同意把原有草拟指南中的市区燕屋漂白计划删除。

在原有的这漂白计划下（Pemutihan），所有在市区的燕屋必须在2012年后搬迁到城市以外地区。

联合会认为这建议绝对不可行。因为燕鸟和一般家禽不一样，不能如业者所愿，随意将它们搬迁，因为一旦被逼搬迁就会落得血本无归。

城市乡村规划局体在听取联合会的看法后，同意将这项市区燕屋漂白计划删除。

取而代之是允许在市区的现有燕屋，在符合管制条件的情况下，继续操作，而新进业者将不获准在市区内引燕。

另外一项共识是申请燕屋执照的业者必须是当局所承认燕商公会的会员，并得到公会的推介。

公会在这方面能扮演教育及监督的角色，确保业者在不影响他人的情况下，有纪律的经营燕屋。

指南如定心丸给业者带保障

马来西亚联合会会长拿督巴督卡马兴松欣慰大马引燕业者多年来所盼望的统一养燕业指南终于有了着落，他认为这套指南的出炉将如同一颗定心丸，给业者带来保障，让大家敢于投身燕窝业并大展拳脚。

他对于相关成果深表满意，并相信这将是一套双赢的指南，惠及全国引燕业者、地方政府、其他有关政府部门及大众。他也希望引燕业者积极响应首相的呼吁，将燕窝业发展成马来西亚的主要行业，帮助政府振兴国家经济。

他说，统一引燕业指南的实行也将有助于解决一直以来困扰着地方政府在面对与燕屋有关的民生问题。有了明确的指南，各地方政府能更有效的监督及管制养燕活动，避免发生任何不愉快的事件。

拿督马感谢房屋及地方政府部长拿督江作汉的支持，使到草拟全国引燕指南的项目顺利完成。他也感谢兽医局，城市乡村规划局及各州燕商公会的配合。

另一方面，马兴松也呼吁全国的引燕业者用踊跃加入各州的燕商公会。他也呼吁各州已正式注册成立的燕窝商公会尽快加入马来西亚燕窝商联合会旗下成为会员。壮大声势及提高代表性，使联合会能更有效的与政府携手发展马来西亚燕窝业。

同时他也期望各州的燕商公会能继续教育引燕业者，并灌输正确的知识，确保业者遵守条例及指南，注意及维护燕屋的环境清洁，避免制造噪音影响民众，进而为燕业塑造一个良好形象。
相关照片

■ 马兴松(中)带领各州燕窝商公会主席与城市乡村规划局展开第二轮的对话，以进一步敲定新的引燕业指南。 “

Iron oxide for red nest血燕??

2009-05-09T05:43:00.000-07:00

Dear friends,

Are you interested to know how red nest or blood nest was formed?

Hereby another article extracted for your perusal:

"Iron Oxide On Wooden Plate !!!‏
From: duck-egg-swiftlet-special@googlegroups.com on behalf of harryswiftletfarming (ismailblsb@gmail.com)
Sent: Saturday, 9 May, 2009 4: 21 AM
To: Duck Egg Swiftlet Special (duck-egg-swiftlet-special@googlegroups.com)

While preparing the rusty iron plates, there were lots of rustymaterials on the plastic layer on the floor. What come to my mind was to take those iron oxide and apply to thesurface (one side) wood piece (5"x1"X1/2"). What I did was to nail or screw the cover wood onto the nestingplanks. I am not very sure of the result but hopefully the birds will likesthem. --~--~---------~--~----~------------~-------~--~----~You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "Duck Egg Swiftlet Special" group.To post to this group, send email to duck-egg-swiftlet-special@googlegroups.comTo unsubscribe from this group, send email to duck-egg-swiftlet-special+unsubscribe@googlegroups.comFor more options, visit this group at http://groups.google.com/group/duck-egg-swiftlet-special?hl=en

什么是有毒燕窝？可怕吗？

2009-04-29T07:12:00.000-07:00

看看中国又一宗有毒燕窝事件！

“高价进口燕窝含致癌物市场添加剂超标鲜见

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

中国食品产业网（2009年4月28日11:40）
高价进口燕窝含致癌物市场添加剂超标鲜见
　　沪上监管部门：申城市场燕窝添加剂超标现象鲜见

　　身价不菲的高档养颜滋补品——进口燕窝被曝出含有高致癌物。近日，广东惠州检验检疫局对某贸易企业进口的1批30公斤被检出亚硝酸盐的燕窝作出退运处理。昨天，市食品药品监督管理局相关负责人表示，申城市场上的燕窝添加剂超标现象较为鲜见，总体质量稳定。但燕窝是属于食品、药品、农产品还是保健品？目前燕窝所属的监管范围尚无统一界定，相关国家标准正在制定研究当中。

　　据惠州检验检疫局近期发布的消息称，该批遭遇退运的燕窝为血燕碎，产地为马来西亚。某贸易企业对该批燕窝进口报检后，惠州检验检疫局工作人员依法对其抽样并送实验室检验，结果在燕窝中检出高含量的亚硝酸盐。专家表示这可能跟亚硝酸盐的“防腐”功能有关。据了解，亚硝酸盐是较高风险的化学物质，具有很强的毒性，摄入过量会引起中毒甚至死亡，长期食用含有过量亚硝酸盐的食品将会增加患癌风险。

　　记者了解到，在上海市场上，瓶装的即食燕窝最近两年非常风靡。市食药监督局相关负责人接受记者采访时表示，沪上市场上的燕窝整体质量稳定，特别是添加剂超标等不合格问题比较少见。

　　专家表示，燕窝自古以来就属于名贵补品，但燕窝所属的监管范围是食品、农产品、中药材还是保健品，目前尚无统一界定。燕窝行业在全球只有极个别企业执行着自定的企业标准。正因为此，燕窝存在一些造假现象。特别是瓶装燕窝其实最容易造假，对此，国内已有多所高校和部分医学院正进行燕窝国家标准的相关研究。

文章编辑：aimee 文章来源：天天新报文章作者”
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Ginger as Anti Cancer Killer

2009-04-14T07:22:00.000-07:00

Hi,dear friends,once again extracted another remedy for you. We know that birdnest is a form of soluble amino acids and if boiled with a small slice of ginger, the soup is alkaline drink which can prevent cancer. Please read the following message:-

"
GINGER = APOPTOSIS

You have "A Cancer Killer in your Kitchen"... GINGER.

The powerful healing effects of ginger have been well documented. It's a proven remedy for upset stomach. Reams of studies show that it inhibits inflamation. And there is substantial evidence that it fights cancer, too. For instance, a recent University of Michigan study showed that when ginger was added to ovarian cancer cells in the laboratory, it caused the cancer cells to self-destruct (a process known as "APOPTOSIS").

In a separate study at the University of Minnesota, researchers injected colon cancer cells into mice that were bred to have no immune system. Half of these mice were routinely fed gingerol,
the main active component in ginger. The researchers found that the mice that were fed gingerol lived longer, their tumors were smaller, and the cancer did not spread as widely as in the control group..

With all these health benefits, you should be using ginger as often as you can. The best way I've found to get a healthy serving of ginger is to juice it. (The brand of juicer I use is an Omega.) Two or three days a week, I juice an apple or two, some carrots, spinach, broccoli, cabbage, and a big piece of ginger root.

The ginger gives the drink a great flavor and a powerful anti-cancer kick. I highly recommend that you try it.

THE HUMBLE GINGER... "

Birdnest:The Only Soluble Amino Acids. A Good Alkaline Drink

2009-04-06T06:52:00.000-07:00

Have you ever heard of soluble amino acids? Do you still hunting for this precious gift from Malaysia's Pure Birdnest soup?

Recent scientific research by University of Technology Malaysia shown that Malaysia's Pure Birdnest contains 17 types of soluble amino acids which cannot produced by our body but needed very much by our body. Besides, soluble pure birdnest also contains rich minerals like sodium, potassium, magnesium,phosphorus,iron, copper....

To look for soluble amino acids for many is just like mirage. But true, now you can easily obtained by just logon to google search engine to look for pure birdnest.

What can Malaysia's Pure Birdnest Soup Benefits our Health?

First, from the analysis reports shown that pure birdnest contains ash, fibre,carbohydrates, amino acids,minerals and moisture. Those elements are soluble. Besides , it is rich in antioxidants which use to combat free radicals in our body. Due to its alkalinity, and the epidermal growth factors, it promotes cells growth and research is going on to test for anti- cancer elements. Due today, many Chinese believed it is good effect for treating tuberculosis, dry coughs, asthma and many general weakness due to bronchial aliments. It is traditionally used to nourish the kidney, lung, heart and stomach. Pure birdnest contains glycoprotein and its has mitogenic effect which can stimulates cell growth. The tonic power of pure birdnest soup is believed to improve skin complexion and slow down the aging process.

For many, it is impossible to obtain birdnest soup. But for those thinking out of the box, many miracles will happened and it is just a precious gift from heaven. Malaysians are clever to obtain technology to lure cave swiflets to reside in man made condominium. They played swiflets noise frequency and create a cave environment in the created environment with temperature between 26 to 30 degree Celcius and Humidity of 80 and above. The environment is very conducive for roosting nestling.. and now that how pure birdnest is obtained and we are lucky to be able to enjoy the healthy tonic drink.

Amazing! What an industry? Birdnest Cleaning

2009-03-27T05:12:00.000-07:00

Hi, I just got an amazing internet literature. Interesting, Let read on....

Friday, March 27, 2009
Gigit Gatal !!!!

Before heading to my farm......something really make me annoyed......not something but a comment that heard all the time.

Most peoples including govt officers think that swiftlet farming only benefit the farmers !!!!!

There are no contribution toward the society and the govt!!!!....

Is that true ???......

NO!!!!!!!

IF THE GOVT OR THEIR OFFICERS OR THOSE IDIOT NGOs THINK THAT ......THEN WE SHOULD SHOW THEM WHO ACTUALLY BENEFITTED FROM THIS INDUSTRY !!!!....

WHILE THEY ARE RIGHT THAT THE FARMERS DO GET THE BIGGER PIE !!!.....

SO HOW MANY EARN A LIVING IN THIS INDUSTRY ??

LETS JUST GIVES A ROUGH FIGURES.....WITH 60,000 FARMS IN MALAYSIA N AVERAGED HARVESTING 1KG A MONTH......WHICH NOW FETCH RM3,5000.00 A KILO.

WE ARE TALKING ABOUT RM210,000,000.00 A MONTH.

AND HOW MANY ORDINARY FAMILY DEPENDED ON THIS RM3,5000.00 A MONTH TO SURVIVE ???

LETS PUT EACH FAMILY WITH 4 MEMBERS (PARENTS N TWO KIDS), SO,

60,0000 x 4 = 240,000 !!!!

SO, THIS INDUSTRY IS SUPPORTING 240,000 ORDINARY CITIZENS !!!!

WAIT.....IT DIDN'T STOP JUST THERE !!!

IF THE GOVT SO A BIT MORE SMARTER...THEY WILL SEE ANOTHER OPPORTUNITY!!!.....BIRD'S NEST CLEANING INDUSTRY !!!!

WHY???

FOR GOD SAKE !!!! THIS INDUSTRY IS HIGHLY DEPENDED ON MANPOWER !!!....

AND TO CLEAN THE NESTS, YOU NEEDS WORKERS !!!!

WITH EACH FARM HARVESTING 1KG A MONTH,

IT MEANS WE ARE PRODUCING 60,000 KG A MONTH !!!!

AND THAT IS EQUIVALENT TO

60,000 x 130 NESTS = 7,800,000 NESTS,

WITH THE INDUSTRY STANDARD WHERE EACH SKILLED WORKER WILL BE ABLE TO CLEAN 10 NESTS A DAY...
AND 300 NESTS A MONTH...

IN ORDER TO CLEAN ALL THE NESTS ....THE INDUSTRY WILL NEED....

7,800,000/300 = 26,000 WORKERS !!!!!!

OMG !!!!

DID U JUST SEE THE FIGURES ???

26,000 WORKERS NEEDED TO CLEAN BIRD'S NEST !!!!

AND THIS FIGURES IS MEAN FOR SKILLED WORKERS!!!

AND I M SURE THERE ARE NO SKILLED WORKERS IN MALAYSIA AND THEY WILL ALL NEED TO BE TRAIN TO DO THE JOB FOR AT LEAST 6 MONTHS.

AND WHAT IS THAT MEAN???

MOST TRAINEES ONLY ABLE TO CLEAN ABOUT 5 NESTS A DAY FOR THE NEXT 6 MONTHS...

THE FIRST SIX MONTHS, THE INDUSTRY WILL NEED

26,000 x 2 = 52,000 WORKERS TO CLEAN BIRD'S NESTS.

52,000 WORKERS ALONE TO CLEAN BNs.

SO, WITH HIGH RETRENCHMENT RATE IN MALAYSIA ...

OUR INDUSTRY CAN ABSORB 52,000 RETRENCHED WORKERS.......IF........IF THE GOVT SEE OR THINK LIKED WHAT I JUST DID !!!....

U NEED AN EINSTEIN BRAIN TO FIGURES THIS OUT???

NO!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!.

SAI HEI!!!!.....
..

Posted by W.O.S.G Cafe at 3/27/2009

好好经营纯正燕窝

2009-03-24T22:09:00.000-07:00

燕窝很值钱，很有营养，要好好经营！

看看中国燕窝下场！

金融界首页 >财经 >消费频道 > 食品饮料 > 正文走私燕窝成行业潜规则广州同种燕窝价差7千 http://www.jrj.com 2009年03月24日 09:38 新快报
【字体：大中小】【页面调色版】
免费解套：010－58325082

　　新快报记者邱春燕

　　近日，海关总署缉私局督办查明一起涉及全国的燕窝走私案，据称该案涉及金额7亿多元，范围涉及全国15个省40个市县，波及香港及内地560余家燕窝商行。

　　虽然目前并无确切资料显示此案涉及广东市场范围有多广，但记者上周走访广州燕窝市场发现，在广州某燕窝集结销售市场，大量燕窝都没有产地及进口检验检疫证明，燕窝销售极不规范。此外，广州所售品牌燕窝与非品牌燕窝价格相差巨大，有些燕窝差价竟高达7000元/斤。

　　海关曾查燕窝走私逾7亿

　　自古以来，燕窝在中国就是珍贵的佳肴，也用作名贵药材。随着时代的进步，现代人越来越重视以“食补”来滋补健体和美容养颜，燕窝也因此成为消费者追逐的名贵补品。不过，因其取材天然，燕窝的形成受气候、环境等多方面自然条件约束，中国仅海南地区有少量出产，多数燕窝均产自印尼、泰国、越南、马来西亚等国，其中印尼的燕窝产量约占全世界产量的80％。国内不少走私分子由此看到了利润空间，开始以不正当的手段私自将国外燕窝运至国内。

　　早前，海关总署缉私局与最高人民检察院、最高人民法院联合查办了一起涉案7亿多元的燕窝走私案。据深圳媒体报道，这起走私案最早由深圳海关缉私局获得线索，由此牵出一个家族式“水客”走私集团。据该报道，该走私犯罪团伙自2007年3月至案发，仅一年时间共计走私进口燕窝5.6万斤，涉案案值7亿元，偷逃应缴税款2.26亿元，涉及“水客”200余名。此案也由此成为全国海关查办的最大一起燕窝走私案。

　　据媒体报道，深圳海关缉私局的有关人士表示，该案共涉及境内外560余家燕窝商行，其中香港商行80余家，国内商行480余家，遍布全国15个省40个市县，具有十分明显的行业性走私特征。

　　大量燕窝无产地和批号

　　虽然媒体报道并未具体涉及到广州燕窝市场，但记者近日走访广州燕窝市场，发现大量存在产地不明、无产品批号的现象，使得这些燕窝的来源也令人生疑。记者上周走访了广州市一德路干货市场十余家贸易商行，但仅有一家商行所售卖的燕窝有正规包装，且包装上有注明产品产自新加坡，具体生产公司是哪家，以及进口商的具体地址和联系方式。

　　至于其它贸易商行所销售的燕窝产品，多数均用透明胶带包装或玻璃瓶罐装，消费者的购买方式也均为按斤两散装购买。虽然没有标明燕窝产地，但这些贸易商行均一致表示，销售的燕窝是从马来西亚、泰国等地区进口而来。当记者以消费者身份询问，产品没有正规包装，就无法知晓是否真为进口燕窝时，有贸易商行老板直言：“要是有正规包装，就不是这个价了！”

　　不过，这些没有正规包装的燕窝产品和有包装的燕窝一样，价格同样高企。“高价”是否就能保证同样“高质”？记者在暗访的过程中发现，有不少贸易商自己对燕窝的品质及产地都不甚了解。一名品牌燕窝的经营商告诉记者，燕窝按做窝的环境可分为：洞燕、屋燕两大类，其中洞燕产地以泰国、越南、马来西亚为主，因矿物质含量高而价格略高，屋燕则以印尼为主要产地，价格相对低些。

　　但记者在采访时发现，一德路有一家贸易商行所出售号称来自泰国的金丝燕窝，售价为3400元/斤，同时也出售印尼燕窝，每斤价格却在5000元以上。当记者问及价格为何有此差异，商行老板解释称，印尼燕窝产量较大，是著名的燕窝产地，因此价格相对较高。

　　同种燕窝价差数千元

　　这位贸易商行老板的说法显然没有得到更多同业者的认同。记者在接下来的采访中发现，同样是在一德路上经营的干货贸易商行就有不同的说法。另一名贸易商行老板即表示，一般来说，泰国出产的燕窝价格会高过印尼的，一德路干货市场上的进口燕窝大多来自印尼。这一说法也得到了其他燕窝经销商的认同。

　　这些还只是不同区域所产燕窝的大体价格比较，涉及到燕窝的具体价格，也出现了同类产品价差颇大的现象。有的经销商表示，即使是碎燕窝，价格也绝对不止3400元/斤，更不用说盏形完整的金丝燕窝了。而记者咨询多家贸易商行的金丝燕窝后发现，价格相差巨大，其中以每斤5000元左右的居多，价格在6000—8000元/斤的相对略少。

　　记者同时还参考了香港品牌燕窝“盏记燕窝”和“楼上燕窝庄”的价格，发现以斤为单位计金丝燕窝价格均在万元以上。楼上燕窝庄的一名销售人员告诉记者，一般来说，因关税原因，香港地区的燕窝已经到了比较便宜的价位，价格约比内地同等燕窝要少10％—15％。即使在香港，金丝燕窝的价格最低也在8000—9000元左右。

　　为何广州市场上众多无品牌的燕窝价格都标价每斤5000元左右？“虽然燕窝可能会因产品盏形、密度不同有价差，但大体上价格不会差太大。”据一位不愿具名的业内人士分析，燕窝的进口关税率为25％，进口环节增值税率为17％，综合税率高达46.25％，但香港税率较国内低，如果国内市场的燕窝低于香港的价格，若非产品有作假成分，最大的可能性就是走私。

权证大

Amino acids in Chinese Version and its benefits

2009-02-11T05:19:00.000-08:00

白燕中的营养成份平均含量

营养成份白燕
水分(%) 9.25 8.67
粗灰分(%) 8.22 11.43
粗蛋白质(%) 58.62 56.34
总醣(%) 24.62 22.75
热量(千卡/100克) 440 404

蛋白质的生理功能：1. 构成和修补人体组织2.构成酶和激素的成分3.构成抗体免受细菌和病毒侵害4.调节渗透压5.供给能量

白燕中的氨基酸平均含量(%)

氨基酸种类白燕
天门冬氨酸 5.33 4.94
苏氨酸 4.22 4.10
丝氨酸 3.53 3.64
谷氨酸 4.28 3.71
甘氨酸 2.12 1.97
丙氨酸 1.61 1.45
结氨酸 4.00 3.75
蛋氨酸 0.32 0.28
共亮氨酸 2.55 2.86
亮氨酸 5.00 5.12
酪氨酸 4.12 3.82
苯丙氨酸 3.79 3.47
赖氨酸 1.92 1.74
组氨酸 1.82 1.96
精氨酸 3.62 3.40
脯氨酸 4.54 4.27
色氨酸 0.84 0.77
胱氨酸 1.59 1.45
总和 56.61 54.36

氨基酸是组成蛋白质的基本单位，必需氨基酸必须从食物中获得，赖氨酸、酪氨酸、蛋氨酸、亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸、苏氨酸、色氨酸是必需氨基酸。赖氨酸合成部份能促使细胞内脂肪酸合成；酪氨酸在人体内可转化为肾上腺髓质分泌的去甲肾上腺素和肾上腺素；蛋氨酸构成的硫是形成辅酶A和牛磺酸所必不可少的；亮氨酸是支链氨基酸，对于手术、创伤等应激状态下肌肉蛋白质的合成和分解具有特殊重要意义，已在外科和运动营养中影起充分关注。
组氨酸对婴幼儿是必须从食物中获得、不能合成的，形成的组氨有很强的舒张血管作用，并可抑制多种变态反应及炎症。
丙氨酸、谷氨酸、结氨酸、天门冬氨酸、甘氨酸、丝氨酸、脯氨酸、胱氨酸可以在人体中合成。谷氨酸是与神经系统功能有关的化合物。

氨基酸（燕窝中含有的氨基酸部份）每天需要量值（mg/kg 重量/日）
-- 1983 FAO/WHO 世界卫生组织标准

婴儿 2岁幼儿 10-12岁儿童成人
亮氨酸 161 73 45 14
赖氨酸 103 64 60 12
蛋氨酸+胱氨酸 58 27 27 13
苯丙氨酸+酪氨酸 125 69 27 14
苏氨酸 87 37 35 7
色氨酸 17 12.5 4 3.5

白燕中的各种元素平均含量

元素白燕
钠(%) 1.38
钙(%) 0.71
镁(%) 0.18
磷(%) 0.01
钾(ppm) 208
铜(ppm) 8.3
锌(ppm) 38
铁(ppm) 114

矿物质的生理功能：1.构成机体组织、细胞内外液的重要组成部份2.其缓冲作用可维护机体的酸碱平衡3.组织液中的无机离子保持一定比例是维持神经和肌肉兴奋性、细胞膜通透性及细胞正常功能的必要条件4.是构成某些特殊功能物质的重要组成部份

New Issue From Swiflet Industry

2009-02-08T02:27:00.000-08:00

skip to main | skip to sidebar With The Permission Of The Writer, Mr David Lim. I Shared This Updated Report Here.
REPORT ON THE MALAYSIA SWIFTLET NEST INDUSTRY ISSUES.

RESEARCHED AND WRITTEN 2002 BY DAVID LIM Y.C. AND REVISED AND UPDATED ON 2005 AND 2008 TOGETHER WITH COMMITTEE MEMBERS OF THE PROTEMPT PERSATUAN PEMILIK RUMAH SARANG BURUNG MALAYSIA (THE MALAYSIA BIRD’S NEST HOUSE OWNER ASSOCIATION). (Nov 2008 updated) David Lim : 012-4850778

This report is the study, research and factual findings gathered from views, proposals, experiences, visions and information contributed by the various experts involved directly in the bird-nest industry. It depicts the present actual situation, the dilemma and problems faced with proposed solutions, the potential and the prospect of the industry.

The author welcomes and appreciates any further input made to him. No part of this report may be altered to deviate from its original meaning for any purpose or usage without the prior consent of the copyright owner.

The purpose of this report is to assist and enable those interested parties especially those who have never involved in this industry,such as the new investers, the government officials, the politicians etc to gain a first hand information, comprehensive knowledge and in-depth understanding about the whole bird-nest industry before deriving to making decision or conclusion.

A. THE OBJECTIVES FOR THE MALAYSIA SWIFLET NEST INDUSTRY

A-1 ABSTRACT OF REPORT ON MALAYSIA SWIFTLET NEST INDUSTRY

B. THE ANATOMY OF THE MALAYSIA BIRD NEST INDUSTRY.

C. HISTORY OF THE SWIFTLET NEST INDUSTRY IN MALAYSIA AND THE REASONS FOR ITS RECENT IMPETUOUS BOOM.

D. THE DEFINITION OF A ‘SUCCESSFUL SWIFTLET HOUSE’ IN THE SWIFTLET NEST INDUSTRY.

E. THE 5 BASIC KEY FACTORS OR ELEMENTS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO THE SUCCESS OF A MODERN SWIFTLET HOUSE.

F. THE POSITIVE KEY ROLES PLAYED BY THE RELEVANT AUTHORITIES AND GOVERNMENT AGENCIES IN THE SUPPORT FOR THE MALAYSIA SWIFTLET NEST INDUSTRY IN ACHIEVING THE OBJECTIVES SET FOR.

G. THE COMMON NUISANCES AND PROBLEMS CAUSED BY SWIFTLET NEST INDUSTRY AND THE RECOMMENDED SOLUTIONS.

H. ADDITIONAL POINTS AND OPINIONS FOR CONSIDERATION

I. CONCLUSION

J. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

A. THE OBJECTIVES FOR THE MALAYSIA SWIFTLET

NEST INDUSTRY

To encourage, assist, facilitate and ensure the smooth development and the flourish of the swiftlet nest industry by permitting the owners to convert the abandoned and unproductive buildings or floor spaces into the productive swiftlet houses in the country under the proper control and supervision of the authorized agencies with the due consideration as not to cause the unnecessary nuisances, inconveniences and negative impacts to the neighbour-hood and the environment.

(ii) To tap the potential and to promote the sustainable use of the new agricultural resource discovered, i.e. the edible swiftlet nests, (like the existing rubber and palm oil) for the benefit of the country’s economy.

(iii) To help to increase production/supply to meet the ever increasing demand of foreign consumption such as in China, Taiwan, all China Towns in the world etc, where this is the only industry which they can not do in their own countries as this industry could only thrive in tropical regions, and thus, no way they could copy and affect us like in other industries such as, electronic, garment manufacturing sectors etc.

(iv) To encourage and facilitate the exportation of the swiftlet nests either in raw or in the finished product form to generate the much needed foreign exchange and revenue for the economy of the country.

(v) To generate and create more job opportunities by encouraging and facilitating the swiftlet nest industry to move further into down stream cottage industry such as bird’s nest cleaning and processing in the rural areas.. Thus, to help alleviate the pressure of increased unemployment rate faced by the country in particularly to the kampong folks due to the withdrawal of the foreign investments and the manufacturing sectors resulted by the tough competition of cheaper labor from China and other neighboring developing countries which gradually caused our economy slow down.

(vi) To increase awareness and educate the public in general with AWARENESS program on the importance of ecological balance of this protected species to the environment, thus to help the PERHILITAN to increase the number of the reduced swiftlets in the long term to improve ecological balance.

(vii) To promote our country be land-marked as a significant producer and international trading centre for bird-nests globally.

A-1 ABSTRACT OF REPORT ON THE MALAYSIA SWIFTLET INDUSTRY ISSUES

Swiftlet nest or bird-nest commonly known for its delicacies, high nutrition and medicinal value by many Asian countries like China, Hong Kong, Singapore, Japan, Asia Pacific have been under explored by us in Malaysia. The potential of it provides vast commercial viability and environment balance with the complementary of Malaysia highly suitable climate and environment. As a result the needs for appropriate studies and research have been called for by interested and adventurous investors and owners of private dwelling to better use the abandoned properties which have become burden and sore-eye due to current prolonged economic turmoil.

In principle, with many appreciated contributors, this proposed study encompasses author’s research and findings on the possible development of birds nest industry in Malaysia. The study highlights the objectives for the development of this potential industry.

It also briefly touches on the anatomy of swiftlet nest farming including historical events leading to the boom of this industry. In addition, it identifies reasons for its growing industry and compares the percentage of its production rates with the other producing countries.

The study goes on to define the stages of success in swiftlet farming with its management program.

Topic E provides readers with some guidelines on its techniques to create suitable environment for successful farming. It provides five (5) major contributing factors to establishing an acceptable and ideal human-designed environment to attract swiftlets to create bird nests.

The research further reflects on the importance of positive key roles played by relevant parties such as local governments, councils, veterinary departments, wildlife authorities, health ministry, etc.

In topic H, the author advises on the common nuisance caused and the hazardous effect of swiftlets dropping and recommends solutions to effectively handle the anticipated problems.

In the final chapters, the author concludes the study’s findings by summarizing the actions and recommendation necessary to promote and establish the birds nests industry in Malaysia with additional points and opinions for the ministry and public consideration.

B. THE ANATOMY OF THE MALAYSIA BIRD NEST INDUSTRY

What the swiftlet house owners do is to create or emulate an alternative roosting and nesting place for the swiftlets by converting an unused and unproductive house with minimum renovations and cost.

Many people are familiar with the Apiculture or the bee-rearing. Swiftlet farming is an analogy but instead of a hive, the farmer builds or renovates a building to let the swiftlets stay (like the bees in a box hive). The swiftlets are free to fly in and out of the house to look for their own food, (insects). Just like bees that are free to roam to find and collect pollens and nectar. They only come back to sleep and make nests. No feeding cost is involved.

Generally, a professionally constructed swiftlet house is very difficult to be differentiated from any ordinary shop-houses. All the conspicuous ones which defy most council’s rulings and by-laws (e.g. completely sealed or bricked window panels with many pot holes all over) are badly designed or constructed by people with little knowledge of this industry.

Not all the swiftlet house is the same. Those clearly visible ones are mostly ill-designed with sub-standard methodology. The professionally designed ones are extremely difficult to detect, and the recorded swiftlet voice is so soft that you hardly hear it because the speakers are all directed skywards. The entrance is also very difficult to be seen as it is secluded. Except that you could find a large flock of swiftlets hovering above the building.

In most cases, the construction or usage of ponds is obsolete. Innovative and modern equipments can substitute the ponds yet able to maintain the relatively high humidity needed in a cleaner environment.

Practice of good hygiene inside a swiftlet house creates a healthy environment that could attract more swiftlets and thus sustains a more than normal rapid population growth inside the swiftlet house. Dirty and filthy environment actually disliked by the swiftlets (latest findings). The practice of placing of guano or bird droppings inside a new swiftlet house to create the smell to attract new swiftlets is actually a layman misconception and is obsolete. The professionals do not practice it. In fact, for a professionally and well managed swiftlet house, the owner collects the guano, scraps and cleans very regularly to the extent that disinfectants and pesticides are used to maintain a very hygienic environment for the swiftlets as far as he could in order to attract more swiftlets to help increase his revenue. The guano collected is well sought after by the organic planters and is sold at RM4.00 per kilo. Another good source of side income.

Most of the information written above is actually the trade secrets and techniques practiced of the experienced and successful swiftlet house owners. Under normal circumstances, no owner would want to divulge to others unless compelled to for a specific purpose.
C. HISTORY OF THE SWIFTLET NEST INDUSTRY IN MALAYSIA AND THE REASONS FOR ITS RECENT IMPETUOUS BOOM.

Edible birdnest industry has been in existence for the past 100 years in the tropical region with Indonesia being the leading producing country accounting for 60% to 70% of world total yearly output worth’s Billions in USD. The other countries are the Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Burma,Cambodia,Laos and Malaysia. Malaysia’s production accounts for a mere 3% to 5 % by 2000, mainly from the caves in East Malaysia.

In Indonesia alone exists no less than 500,000 birdhouses. The same Birdhouse industry has also been in existence in the Peninsular Malaysia for more than 50 years except that the number of birdhouses which are mainly accounted for less than 100 found scattered all over Malaysia in 1990’s. Most of these birdhouses are found in abandoned pre-war or colonial buildings along the coastal townships. These are almost natural occurrences with some, no less than 50 years of history. Very little renovation or technique was used to enhance the population growth of the swiftlets. The owners simply considered themselves to be the lucky ones that the birds chose their buildings to roost. No body had the technology or know-how to lure the swiftlets into the houses as what we know of today. So those lucky few had been quietly enjoying the god-sent or divine wealth in a very low profile manner with others to envy at.

c. Not until after the recent political instability and the social chaos and the racial suppression in 1998 that many Indonesian entrepreneurs cum refugees shifted their funds to West Malaysia. Due to the 1997 economic crisis that caused the slump in the local over supplied property market to the extent that the value of the properties had dwindled to almost half that the local property market had become so cheap. These Indonesian started to joint venture with the locals and with the technologies and know-how brought by them invested in the properties and converted many vacant and unproductive buildings into the modern birdhouses that we know of today.

d. Due to the facts that these investors were the pioneers in this industry as their investments’ success rate was rather high. This has alerted the locals especially those empty and unproductive building owners who were facing bank foreclosing and some were literally a bankrupt that this could be a way out for them in this bad economy. They rushed into Indonesia to learn up the trade secret and the technology. When they returned, they started to turn their unproductive properties into the swiftlet houses with daily prayers to the god and the hope that the miracles happen..

Therefore, in only a few years, estimated 15,000 to 20,000 (as at 2005) units of modern birdhouses with combined value of more than RM 4.5 billion have sprouted spontaneously across the whole Peninsular Malaysia. In fact, unwittingly, this new industry has also indirectly helped our Malaysia’s dwindling economy in particularly the ailing property market to a large extent. Today, at 2008, the number of birdhouses is estimated at around 100,000 units at an average value of RM 500,000/unit with a total investment of more than RM 50 billion and the number is still growing with many big Boys such as the Public listed companies and the Govt linked companies coming into the market strongly. And now, we are talking of ECO-PARKS on the outskirts. (100,000units X RM 500,000 =RM50,000,000,000 =RM 50 Billion. The annual return is 100,000units X 2kg/month=200,000kg/mth X RM 4,000 =RM800,000,000/mth X 12 months =RM 9,600,000,000 or RM 9.6 Billion of foreign revenue for Malaysia annually)

The value of properties at its height prior to the 1997 economic crisis had slashed to even below half in 2003. Examples are, for a 4 storey shop-houses of RM600,000 to RM350,000, a 3 storey shop-house of RM300,000 to RM140,000, the monthly rental of an average of RM2,000 previously down to RM900, and sometimes, yet no taker. Many property owners due to the loss in rental revenue and with the heavy loan commitment and high maintenance cost, being pressured to the extent of suffering from nervous breakdown and sometime cry without tears. Instead of owning assets, these had become burdens and nightmares. If it were to happen in the Western countries, the governments would have stepped in to help by providing financial subsidies or means to the owners.

After the de-control of the rent control Act for the protection of the pre-war buildings that came into effect on 01.01.2000, tens of thousands of these buildings being vacated and returned to the landlords, these further aggravated the situation for the badly stricken property market. Rows and rows of modern shop houses completed with Certificate of Fitness particularly in the new townships and in the housing estates across the country are left unoccupied and idled with windows, doors and internal amenities broken and ransacked. The whole scenario looks ghostly. Many of these properties are under receivership with the owners bankrupted. In Penang Island alone, more than three thousands pre-war buildings abandoned and some turned ramshackle and became heaven for drug addicts and illegal activities. Some became decayed and fire hazards due to lack of maintenance.(As at 2008, there are no less than 3,000 and 300 birdhouses on the main land and the Island respectively in the State of Penang alone with a combined value of no less than RM1.65 Billion. The annual return is based on an average of 2kg of nest produced per month per birdhouse, therefore, 3,300 units X 2kg =6,600 kg X RM 4,000 = RM 26,400,000/month X 12 months =RM 316,800,000 or RM 316.8 million of foreign revenue cum income to the locals of Penang for year 2008 alone. The yearly increase of production of nests is ranging from 20% to 80% depending on the conditions and size of the bird house. )

With the recent surge in the swiftlet nest industry, many owners are saved in a way, at least temporarily with a hope to get out of the present awkward predicament in the near future provided with some luck.

This new agricultural industry has directly or indirectly benefited the other peripheral industries, trades and services too, such as the financial institutions, legal firms, building industry, hardware, electrical, electronic, local airlines, hotel, tourism, Eco-tourism, living heritage etc.

Most importantly, this new agricultural industry increased in the country’s foreign exchange revenue and thus helped to alleviate the pressure on the present dwindling economy. As at 2008, the production is estimated to hit RM 9.6 billion with 95% in raw and processed form meant for export to exchange for the foreign revenue. Soon, the bird’s nest production will overtake the production of tin ore to become Malaysia’s 4th largest export next to petroleum, palm oil, and rubber.

Nevertheless, despite all these positive aspects and the benefits, there is bound to have a certain minor negative aspects resulted from this rather impetuous booming industry such as the nuisances, health hazards and the inconsiderate illegal constructions created by the unscrupulous owners needed to be tackled and addressed.

Therefore, an official guideline for the industry is rather imminent and urgent to be formulated by the relevant authorities to check and monitor the situation. These guidelines should not be too stringent and demanding for fear of, instead of assisting and facilitating the industry to grow and develop to tap the potential for the benefit of the country, dwarfing and crippling it. The guidelines should be very straight forward and simplified. And the people drafting it should have an open, positive, supportive and sincere mind and also without bias. Most importantly, they must be professional and experienced enough to have a real in depth study and knowledge and full understanding about the trade from all angles to make independent judgments and positive stage by stage proposals to benefit the whole industry and the country at large.

D. THE DEFINITION OF A “SUCCESSFUL SWIFTLET HOUSE” IN THE SWIFTLET NEST INDUSTRY.

Generally, to the professional and experienced a swiftlet house is deemed successful in three stages. Successful in the luring in the first pair of birds to live inside the house, successful in having enough of birds to yield the minimum quantity of nests to justify the monthly maintenance cost, and the successful in the final stage of having the extra after minusing the maintenance cost, ie. The profit. Only upon achieving of success in the final stage, then only could we say that particular swiftlet house is successful and worth the investment and effort.

The first stage of success is determined when the house has managed to attract the first pair of swiftlets to roost and live permanently inside the house. The duration from the day it starts to broadcast the recorded swiftlet voice till the first pair to live in varies from one month to a year or longer (some birdhouses may never arrive to this stage at all). It all depends on the house’s internal conditions, the technique used, the location, the environment and most importantly whether there is enough of swiftlet population in the area.

The second stage of success is determined whether the house has managed to attract enough of swiftlets to produce the minimum quantity of nests to yield the revenue enough to offset the monthly maintenance cost. Averagely it takes about 600 birds per floor to do that. After having the extra, then only we consider the house is entering the final stage. If we take this to be considered justified for an investment of an average size of a single floored birdhouse, then we must look into the duration period that it takes from the first stage to the second stage. From our experience, the duration taken varies from 3 to 5 years or even longer. (This period, we call it GESTATION.) Hence, it takes an average of 4 to 6 years for a birdhouse to “mature” to justify the investment under normal favourable conditions and circumstances. Nevertheless, with the more and more new birdhouses sprouting up these days, the population of swiftlets in the sky turns one fold yearly and the number of new birdhouses increases by 5 to 6 folds yearly, we are afraid that the future of the late comers may not be that optimistic at all. The duration (GESTATION) taken may even drag much longer. We wonder whether some investors could have the stamina to withstand the long wait. Presently from our experience and knowledge, only less than 30% to 50% of the birdhouses are considered “successful”, in fact, these belong to the pioneers and early birds. Due to increase in competition, the rest are still waiting and praying to reach the first stage. From the latest information received that there is already quite a number of information received that there is already quite a number of rather new birdhouses being voluntarily closed down by the investors themselves due to the failure in luring in the swiftlets. These birdhouses are mainly the rented buildings, with wrong designs. Anyway, this is a democratic and free market, fittest survive.

E. THE 5 BASIC KEY FACTORS OR ELEMENTS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO THE “SUCCESS” OF A MODERN SWIFTLET HOUSE

Basically, there are 5 main factors which are dispensable or imperative in the designing and constructing of a potentially successful swiftlet house. Lacking either of the 5 factors would definitely render the intended birdhouse a failure.

Darkness
Low temperature
High humidity
Undisturbed and totally protected environment
Recorded swiftlet flock voice

In order to achieve an almost complete darkness inside an intended birdhouse, most of the openings including windows and doors must be closed or covered to shield away any intruding light source.

To achieve and maintain a constant LOW temperature round the clock, insulating materials or agents would have to be used. Ventilation of air- flow would be monitored so as not to let the temperature to fluctuate too much.

To achieve and maintain high humidity inside a birdhouse, water would have to be used. For the obsolete methodology before the introduction of the electrical humidifier, cemented ponds, plastic pails or water containers were used to contain water to create the high humidity inside the birdhouse. Actually, these ponds and containers are rather costly to build and troublesome in maintenance. Only until very recently that with the introduction of the electrical humidifiers, the tedious and troublesome problem has been solved. (most bird houses today are no longer using the obsolete methods)

Frequent disturbances and visits to the inside of a successful birdhouse would scare away the birds. Therefore, the owners would normally refrain from entering the birdhouse unnecessarily. To avoid the uninvited visits of the intruders such as thieves and burglars, the house would be very strongly enhanced in the security system to the extent that most birdhouses are installed with strong bars and the high quality of alarm system.

After having achieved the above 4 factors, yet no swiftlet would know the existence of the new birdhouse unless the swiftlets are being notified and invited by the broadcast of the recorded swiftlet voice through the use of the sound system. Nevertheless, there is a tendency that a small percentage of inexperienced newcomers through the mislead of some unqualified and unscrupulous “consultants” irresponsibly blasting the sound to the maximum without due consideration for others thus, resulted in creating nuisances such as noise pollution disturbing the peace of the environment and arouse complaints. As for the professional and experienced owners, they would avoid the neighbours by directing the speakers skyward with tolerable volume to the extent that even the neighbours may not be aware of the sound. A professional and experienced would normally switch on the external voice by using timer control between 8.00 am to 8 pm only.
Therefore, only the professionally designed new birdhouses that are equipped with the above 5 basic factors or elements would stand a chance to succeed eventually if time is given and of course, with some luck. The duration of waiting from zero to final stage of success varies from 4 to 6 years. The waiting cost and the maintenance cost is rather high as during this long waiting period, there is absolutely no revenue in return at all to the other owner. If he fails, it is a total loss.

F. THE POSITIVE KEY ROLES PLAYED BY THE RELEVANT

AUTHORITIES AND GOVERNMENT AGENCIES IN THE SUPPORT FOR THE MALAYSIA SWIFTLET NEST INDUSTRY IN ACIEVING THE OBJECTIVES SET FOR

1. THE ROLES SHOULD BE PLAYED BY THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND THE LOCAL COUNCILS (PBT) IN SUPPORTING THE BIRD’S NEST INDUSTRY IN MALAYSIA

The PBTS should encourage and permit the owners to convert their abandoned properties or unused and unproductive upper floors into a birdhouse. We are doubtful if there is a need for a premise or business license. After all, the birdhouse is still an empty house under-locked with no business or trading activities inside. It is not open to public or outsider. It is just similar to the Kampung folks using backyards to rear some chicken for own consumption and if in excess, sell some to the neighbours in exchange for extra pocket money to buy feed. Do we also require the folks to have a poultry farm business license to keep the few chicken? Some of the birdhouses could be only half a floor size. Nevertheless, if the PBTs do insist, we recommend that the PBTs to issue only one simple license without stringent and restrictive terms and conditions at a token fee to show support for the industry.A very fine example is being set by the MAJLIS DAERAH KERIAN of PERAK(Parit Buntar) in 2006. MDK classified this industry under U.U.K.KECIL PERLESENAN TRED,PERNIAGAAN DAN PERINDUSTRIAN (MDK)(PINDAAN)1987 (COTTAGE INDUSTRY AND PETTY TRADE).

(When MDK processes the applications of the numerous application.MDK does not involve nor refer the applications to any other agency such as,the PERHILITAN,the HAIWAN,the BOMBA and the KESIHATAN at all for their comments. The MDK simplifies the process and reduces the bureaucratic and lengthy procedures and all red tapes in support of the appeal for EFFICIENCY of the Federal Govt. 80% of existing(sedia ada) BHs immediately responsed and applied. It takes the MDK less than 2 weeks to inform all the owners the approval from the day MDK received the applications from the existing(sedia ada)BHs.All applications were approved with the issuance of licenses within one month from the date MDK announced greenlight to encourage for application in 2006,April.The annual fee starts with only RM200.No requirement of submission of AS BUILT PLAN(as most BHs are old shop houses with CF and already existed and operated for many years prior to the introduction of the GUIDELINES and requirement of lessen premis).Only latest hasil pintu,proof of ownership,hand drawn location plan and particulars of applicant required. With the legalisation and legitimisation of the few thousands existing BHs in MDK,extra of millions of ringgits in revenue being received annually by the MDK to ease its previous financial difficulty faced.BHs owners in MDK also sleep well since then. Thus,win-win situation created.)

Thanks to the fomer D.O.Tuan Abdul Puhat together with his very efficient and honest MDK staff and all the very dedicated councillors served under him. Today,MAJLIS DAERAH KERIAN of PERAK is the best model and example in the whole of Malaysia.

If possible, to show further support by granting a five years exemption in the yearly house assessment(hasil pintu) as a form of incentive to the swiftlet house owner for the temporary loss in revenue income while waiting for the success to come.

As most existing bird’s nest houses already existed and operated for very long with some,more than a decade or two and even in generation,with the implied consent of the authorities previously before the introduction of the new guidelines and rulings and most of them are done with very minimal of partitioning and simple renovation of closing up,they should be given the benefit of doubts,be exempted from compliant to any new rulings and be given a simple and straight forward lesen premis to legalise them..

THE DEPARTMENT OF THE WILDIFE AND NATIONAL PARKS OF PENINSULAR MALAYSIA (PERHILITAN)

To expedite the process in preparing the appropriate amendment papers to be tabled to the parliament for the approval to down list the Aerodramus species from Schedule Three of the Protection of Wild Life Act 1972 to legitimize and legalise the handling and the collection of edible swiftlet nests. (Announced and proposed by the Minister in 2001)

In 2003,the Aerodramus species was finally down listed from Schedule Three to Part ll of Schedule Four of the Protection of Wild Life Act 1972(ACT 76).

We are doubtful if there is legally need to have a license from the PERHILITAN to handle and collect cultivated birdnests from inside a man-made swiftlet house which is a privately owned property? We maintain that the PERHILITAN does not have any jurisdiction or authority on the handling of the cultivated bird’s nest from a man-made and privately owned property. Such type of license is only applicable to the birdnests harvesting in the caves where the birdnests are produced NATURALLY by the wild swiftlets in their natural habitat which is directly under the jurisdiction of the PERHILITAN provided by the Act. Whereas the birdnests inside a private house are produced through the CULTIVATION of the “domesticated” swiftlets created through the effort of the house owners.It is like the wild orchids in the primary jungle are prohibited by law to keep without prior permission whereas those commercially cultivated orchids grew in the nursery by the farmers are free to trade. It is also similar to the Ayam Hutan (Jungle Fowl) which you need a license or permit issued by the PERHILITAN provided by the Act to keep them.But you do not need a permit from PERHILITAN to rear meat chicken or ayam kampong in your backyard. Analogical to the Arowana or Dragon Fish which you require a permit to keep one caught from the wild and you do not need a permit to rear the F2 progeny from captive breeding. In fact the birdnests from the birdhouse are products of F2. Therefore, we reckon that PERHILITAN does not have any jurisdiction or power to impose any licence or restriction on any body handling or dealing with birdnest cultivated from a man-made farm except those of wild swiftlets from natural caves. Also that the PERHILITAN does not have any jurisdiction or say on any privately owned birdhouse.

Also that the proposal of collection of export fee for birdnest at RM0.10 per gram and the annual harvest fee of RM 200 by the PERHILITAN are strictly meant, provided it is vested under the law, for the birdnest from the natural caves which are under the PERHILITAN’s jurisdiction. The PERHILITAN, if justified under the law to collect any fee on the natural nest, they should for practicality, do it at the source that is at the cave while harvesting is being done. They should not do it in any other places esp the exist points such as airports, sea ports etc. Therefore, any form of request of payment by the PERHILITAN under whatever pretext relating to the cultivated birdnest from a man-made swiftlet house is illegitimate, illegal, unjustified, infringing of law and abuse of the procedures and the power vested and should be strictly prohibited. Also that the function and duty of the PERHILITAN is similar to Pejabat Haiwan which is of service orientated to provide “FREE” assistance and help to the public under the law. Both departments should not be charging any form of payment for any kind of services rendered to the industry and the farmers. In the event of shortage of fund to carry out their duty to render assistance to the farmers or rakyats, they should apply to their respective Ministry for budget. After all, the birdhouse owners are indeed doing the PERHILITAN a favour by helping the PERHILITAN to increase and conserve the population of the natural swiftlets in the wild which the PERHILITAN had tried but failed in the past decades. As a matter of fact, this man-made cultivation bird’s nest trade has unwittingly helped allevate the pressure on the natural cave nest harvesting under the charge of the PERHILITAN as the demand for the natural nests has dropped tremendously and shifted to the cultivated nests which are fresher, cleaner, of much higher quality and cheaper. No longer have the poachers found it worthy to play hide and seek with the Authorities. Therefore, the effort by the PERHILITAN to conserve and increase the population of the wild swiftlets is thus eased with a lot of manpower saved. The PERHILITAN should be thankful to the farmers. Also, another important point for the consideration of the authorities that the governments of the 2 world leading producing countries i.e. Indonesia and Thailand, are not issuing any license to inconvenience and restrict the birdnest house farming. They only have license for the Natural Cave Nest Harvest. Therefore, if the authorities concerned really sincere enough to encourage and support our local industry to compete with them, then they should not create any restriction to inconvenience, obstruct and handicap the industry.

d. To apply to the Federal Government for appropriate grants to conduct R&D into the swiftlet cultivation industry.

THE VETERINARY DEPARTMENT (HAIWAN)

To conduct a periodical laboratory research and test for any suspected swiftlet associated diseases and virus such as the Bird Flu, J.E., Nipah Virus etc. by collecting blood and bird dropping samples from different areas with the assistance and cooperation from the related trade associations and the various birdhouse owners.

To apply for grants to conduct R&D to advise the swiftlet house owners the correct methodology and the type of effective insecticides used to control pests and parasites in the swiftlet house.

THE HEALTH DEPARTMENT

To conduct periodical inspections, if deem necessary to the swiftlet houses to check for possible mosquito breeding grounds during the outbreak of the mosquito carried diseases..

b. To give advice on request to the swiftlet house owners the suitable type of disinfectants for anti-virus cum bacteria to be used inside the swiftlet house if necessary.

G. THE COMMON NUISANCES AND PROLEMS CAUSED BY THE BIRDNEST HOUSES AND THE RECOMMENDED SOLUTIONS FOR.

a. The unprofessionally and badly constructed birdhouses with ugly façade and the original windows completely cement sealed or bricked with many ventilation pot holes.

Generally, these are the birdhouses badly designed and constructed by people or contractors with little knowledge of the trade. This is the obsolete design and sub-standard methodology introduced from Indonesia. The professionally designed one would never touch on the façade and would maintain the original out look to be blended uniformly with the adjourning buildings and would never be conspicuous to be differentiated.

Solution

For the existing ones, the Local council should assess the situation and if deemed necessary and feasible give notice and advice to the owners with reasonable grace period to re-construct the façade to be restored to its original state.( this is particularly applicable to those areas declared under the HERITAGE TRUST) For the pending ones, the façade must be maintained as far as possible so not to be easily distinguished as a birdhouse.

b. Build as not per approved plans or without submission of plans for council’s approval for heavy renovation of bird house with alteration on the main structure or affect the load of the building such as extension from a 2 storey into 3 storeys.( EXTREAM CASES)

Generally most bird house renovations are simple and does not alter or change the main structure or affect the load of the building. Many are just like the normal simple office or residential partitioning renovations which does not require council’s approval. However, there are some extreme cases of extension from a 2 storey into 3 storey affecting the structure without prior approval.

Solution (on the more extreme cases)

In such extreme cases, if the local council insists then encourage and allow the owners to submit as built plan through the professional architects, engineers or draftsmen to take responsibility of the design and renovation to rectify the situation technically. This is a very common rectification practice in building industry and all trades.

c. Noise Pollution

This is the most common complaint of nuisance received by the authorities. There are many unscrupulous and inconsiderate birdhouse owners with little knowledge and know-how, wrongly letting the external speakers directed to the neighbors and indiscriminately blasting the recorded swiftlet voice with the intolerable volume for long hours. Naturally, this invites complaint of noise pollution disturbing the peace of the environment.

Solution

Upon receipt of such complaint, the council should investigate whether it is a vicious complaint out of jealousy or an exaggerated one or with hidden agenda. If it is deemed true to the complaint, the council should issue a notice under section81 (nuisance) of the Local Government Act 1976 (Act 171) to the errant owner to stop him from further operation of the sound system at least temporarily until and unless he has rectified the situation by relocating the speakers and to lower the volume to acceptable level. Actually, this sort of problem is easily solved by a professional and experienced. The experienced owner would always direct the speakers towards the sky with only reasonable and tolerable volume to the extend that sometimes nobody aware. Another suggestion is that besides directing the speakers skyward, a time frame is set to allow the external sound system to play e.g. from 7a.m. to 8 p.m. only.

d. Bird Droppings

Normally this is never a problem for a well managed birdhouse. The experienced owner would always conduct periodical cleaning and collection of bird droppings to maintain the most hygienic condition inside the birdhouse. The owner knows that filthy and unhealthy environment would be harmful also to the birds and eventually reduce the numbers. Nevertheless, there are cases of some inexperienced owners without these basic knowledge tend to overlook and thus allowed the accumulation of bird droppings to the extend of emitting foul smell and poses potential health hazard to the neighbours.

Solution

In such cases, the council should tackle and deal with the situation by using the existing Law and Acts to compel the errant owners to rectify the situation.

e. Complaint Of Mosquito Breeding From The Pond And Water Containers

Found Inside The Birdhouse

The Ponds and water containers, if found inside the birdhouse are used to lower the

temperature and to increase the humidity inside the house to simulate a cave-like environment to allow the swiftlets to live in comfort. The Ponds and water containers are not meant to breed mosquito as food source for the swiftlets as claimed by a certain group of ignorant people. In fact, no mosquito could come into a succesfull birdhouse. The mosquito would soon become the supper for the swiftlests the moment they come near. In total darkness, no larva could survive without the sunlight.

Solution

In the exposed ponds, normally the owners would rear some small fishes such as the guppies and sword-tails to rid of any larva.

H. ADDITIONAL POINTS AND OPINIONS FOR THE

CONSIDERATION

1. Refer to 6.2(i) + (ii). It is not viable and practical to set “Distance Limit” or “Prohibited Zone” for the operation of birdhouses. 70% of the existing 15,000 over birdhouses are mainly located in most major towns and also in the shop-houses in the housing estates.

2. Risk Management Plan And Record Keeping.

This is not necessary, irrelevant and not practical to apply the above to the swiftlet house industry.

(i) Most birdhouses are privately owned, operated and managed by individual owner who does not engage worker or involve any outsider. The birdhouse or “bird room” to some, is under locked all the time.

(ii) Most birdhouses are deemed small and side investment to the owners who only make use of a portion, a floor, or two floors of the unused and unproductive upper level of the building to be converted into the so called birdhouse. Sometimes, the so called birdhouse could be the size of a sleeping room.

(iii) It is also quite similar to the kampong folks rearing chicken at the backyard for their own consumption. This is not like the multi-million modern commercial poultry farm that produces tens to hundred thousands of chicken monthly, involved a lot of workers whereby many regulations need to be adhered to.

(iv) Risk Management Plan and the Record Keeping is actually meant for the large scale operation such as the bird-nests harvesting in the caves, in particularly, found in East Malaysia, which produce tens of tons per harvest season involving a lot of manpower, departments and authorities.

3. Government Incentives

(i) The government authorities or agencies may need to consider providing certain incentives to encourage the development and flourish of the industry in order to achieve the objectives.

(ii) The edible bird-nest could become a new primary product next to the rubber and palm oil to be one essential foreign revenue generated commodity for the country in very near future.

(iii) If certain incentives had been provided to invite the foreign investors to invest in Malaysia in other industries and eventually allowing them to bring out the profit with them from the country, why not the authorities to consider similar incentives for the locals in this new industry which is so much viable and feasible? On top of this, the added advantage is that, the profit and foreign revenue generated would quite definitely stay put inside the country.

4. Refer to 7.3 (i), this section of the Perhilitan Act does not apply to the using of sound system in the bird-nest industry. It is wrongly interpreted, as the “intention” of using the “baits” here is not to catch, confine, cage, kill or eat the swiftlet. In fact, nobody harms the swiftlet. The birds are free to come and go at liberty.

.

5. ALLEGED POTENTIAL DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH THE SWIFTLETS? (by DL)

(i) As the bird-nest house farminbg is rather new to the locals and also due to the incidents happened a few years ago regarding the deadly Nipah Virus caused by the bats in our country and the Bird Flu caused by the poultry in Hong Kong and China that, the general public tends to be rather worried of any would be diseases associated with the swiftlets that might affect them.

(ii) So far, there isn’t any known case of swiftlet inflicting disease on human even in Indonesia and Thailand, the two main bird-nest producing countries with very much longer in history than us. This is generally and naturally a misconception or self-fear of the public towards something new due to ignorance and lacking in in-depth understanding. However, we do not want to take it for granted either. Nonetheless,I would like to highlight some opinions gathered after having several discussions with a few veterinarians and virus researchers. They think that swiftlets should have least chance of being carriers of human inflicting virus and diseases as compared to other commonly found avians and fowls,such as pigeons,mynahs,sparrows,chickens and ducks etc close to the human habitats based on the following facts and reasons:-1) Swiftlets are live insectivorous. Adult swiftlets only forage in the air for live high flying minute insects found in jungles, forests and rural areas.2) Once they fly out of the caves or the man-made habitats, they never perch nor cling onto any surface or objects. They could sleep and rest while gliding high in the air.3) They rarely mix or come into physical contacts with other species of birds or animals. Therefore the chance of swiftlets being a carrier for known human inflicting diseases is very slim and rare. However, still we do strongly recommend that the Health department and the Haiwan department should on their very own to do the necessary research into it to confirm otherwise.

(iii) However, we would also like to highlight a very important issue to both the departments that they should look very seriously into tackling the pigeon carried disease such as the Fungus like CRYPTOCOCOCIS(脑膜炎) caused by CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS which is so rampant to an alarming level in our country. This is a human inflicting disease associated with mainly the pigeon droppings with symptoms always wrongly diagnosed as common flu and which has a devastating effect of causing brain damage to the patient especially to the children. Almost all the free flying pigeons esp found in the temples of all major townships are the carriers of this disease. This disease may be mistaken to be spread by the swiftlets.

(iv) Therefore, the 3 authorities concerned, namely, the Haiwan, the Kesihatan and the Majlis should give priority to take immediate steps to rid of these pigeons from all major town centers in our country for the sake of the rakyat’s health.

(v) The previous favorite tourist spots in the world that used to have thousands of these free flying pigeons as attractions such as the European countries are now trying hard to rid of these pigeons due to being the carriers of this disease.

6. PROPOSED ONE STOP AGENCY FOR THE APPROVAL OF BIRD HOUSES OPERATION.

(a) One Stop Agency is only applicable to the Tiger Prawn Farming industry in Sarawak where these projects are owned by corporative companies with intensive capital out-lay on government subsidized state lands. These companies have the means to engage professional qualified executives to do up the necessary compliant requirements and satisfy the conditions prior to obtaining approval from the One Stop Agency. Upon approval, these companies benefit a lot from government subsidies such as long term lease of vast piece of state land which could run into hundreds to thousands acres at very minimal and low premium. The process of obtaining the approval is normally tedious and time constrained. The number of such projects is small and they are exclusive to the “Big Boys”who have good political connection and influence.

(b) Whereas for the bird-nest house industry, most of the birdhouses are small operations owned by private individuals with small capital and with no subsidy from the government. To many of them, it is just like rearing chicken at the unused backyards hoping for some extra pocket money if successful. Moreover, the number of birdhouses could run into tens of thousand all over the country in every corner just like the roadside hawker or coffee stalls.

(c) It would be easier and practical for the PBTs to regulate and govern them using U.U.K KECIL PERLESENAN TRED,PERNIAAGAN DAN PERINDUSTRIAN (PINDAAN) 1987.(COTTAGE INDUSTRY AND PETTY TRADE) This is a very pleasant and effective procedure welcomed by the existing birdhouse operators adopted by MAJLIS DAERAH KERIAN,PERAK since 2006 which simplified the process of legalizing the existing birdhouses and resolved a lot of hassles. The procedure of application of a birdhouse premise license of an existing birdhouse is very simple and straight forward. It requires the applicant to fill in a standard Borang Komposit Lesen Perniagaan with submission of 1) salinan cukai taksiran terakhir yang telah dijelaskan, 2)1 salinan kad penenalan,3)1 salinan pelan lokasi perniagaan(lukisan tangan sendirian), 4) 3 keping gambar berwana berukuran passport pemohon. Within 2 weeks,an official license is approved and issued with a token fee similar to an office license. Totally no involvement or requirement in the participation of approval of the Pejabat Perhilitan ,Pejabat Haiwan ,Pejabat Bomba etc at all.The registration and issuing of lesen premis exercise on all the existing birdhouses in MDK was completed in only 2 months. There wasn’t any under counter money transacted nor any harassment or victimization given by any MDK staff. Almost all the rakyats in the district were very please with the MDK. The D.O.at the time was Tuan Abdul Puhat Bin Mat Nayan. He should be highly commented for his wisdom, wise decision, efficiency, great leadership and most importantly, he has the rakyats in his heart.

(d) Setting up One Stop Agency to compel the birdhouse owners to comply with pre-requisite requirement before permission is granted to them is not viable, practical and realistic. It is going to be very time and cost constrained. In fact, it is not only helping the industry but an obstacle to hinder its present smooth development and growth of the industry. One Stop Agency only benefits the “Big Boys” such as the successful pioneers and early birds with profit made earlier to gain, unwittingly, monopoly and special rights. It is deterring and inconveniencing the potential new comers to share in the free market policy of this new industry and is deviating from the objectives set for.

I. CONCLUSION

With painstaking efforts many interested parties such as building owners, investors, settlers, researchers, businessmen including the author himself have traveled many parts of Malaysia including other neighboring countries like Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam to study and seek constructive advice from experts either from native settlers or professionals on the possibilities of establishing and implementing a bird nest industry in Malaysia.

The author completed his preliminary stage of research in bird nest industry study with exciting figures and findings where country with typical suitable climate and environment like Malaysia should explore further on the opportunity to enchant and develop this industry.

The author finds that the bird nest industry has long been developed primitively from deep caves in the native jungle of massive natural rainforest in Southeast Asia and his views offer significant new ideas and strategies, promote stability and balance of swiftlet population growth gradually leading to potential economic boost of this lucratively hidden industry.

The never-ending effort and advice contributed by many should be recognized by Malaysia Government to establish a committee or a separate department to specially handle the potential and its lucrative business venture for the benefit of the country as well as the environment terms of its ecological balance with the ever-reducing protected species.

In essence, the proposal for revival of this under-explored industry is beneficial both in the upstream all the way down to the downstream where livelihood of less fortunate settlers or locals can be improved with newly developed non-chaotic environmentally friendly man-made design. This design is simple and beginning to gain acceptance among many-interested entrepreneurs and investors.

The Government should view seriously on the professional advice from experience and knowledgeable birdhouse owners and experts on the possible economy impact of this potential industry to generate additional income or revenue for the country. In one way or another, it helps to improve the consumers, exporters, consultants and others by creating more jobs opportunities and generate sale revenue from exports and local consumption. It is strongly recommended that the Government of Malaysia place heavy emphasis on the development of this industry both for the people and economy of Malaysia.

The author proposes to the Government of Malaysia to consider setting up board of panels or a committee to further study the need to and develop this industry for the benefit of the people and country at the receiving end. The development and implementation of this industry is not harmful generally and in actual facts, it helps to improve and balance the disturbed ecology and environment where heritage of this bird-nest culture can be enchanted and maintained.

The development of this industry will not only help domestically but will also have interalia multiplying effect of other non-related industry like housing development where abandoned projects or unoccupied properties can be minimally modified to diversify its original intention of human occupancy. Besides, the study also recognizes the importance of government awareness program by ways of subsidies, sponsorships, providing further guidelines, grant for more studies and research of this topic where it will eventually assist the Malaysia economy at large.

In conclusion, the author strongly proposes that additional studies of this kind be approved for the betterment of this richly cultured industry. NOT FORGETTING THAT THIS IS THE ONLY INDUSTRY IN MALAYSIA THAT WILL NOT BE ADVERSELY AFFECTED BY THE STRONG ECONOMY GROWTH OF CHINA.THE STRONGER THE ECONOMY OF CHINA, THE GREATER THE DEMAND OF BIRDNEST FROM US. AND THUS THE MORE RENMINBI WILL FLOW TO MALAYSIA.

Not withstanding all the efforts and research of the above, the author wishes to end its finding with the following conclusion:

“Swiftlets, once, have been long high-flying in the air, in and out every cave it can find, with its tails and wings widely span, eager to breed and produce but what about our under-explored industry – is it flourishing as well as it should be or is it going to be like what it used to be?”.

J. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author gladly acknowledges with special thanks to the following gentlemen, who are not only professionals in their respective fields or trades but also experts with accumulated experience and knowledge in this bird-nest industry, for their contribution to the study and research of this comprehensive and factual report by giving their invaluable and relevant views, knowledge, ideas, visions, opinions, experiences, comments, information, tips, advices, analysis, etc. to the author.

1. DR. LIM CHAN KOON, B.SC.(U.M.),PH.D.(KENT),ZOOLOGIST COMMUNITY ADVISER, DANCED/SWIMPI NATIONAL PARKS AND WILDLIFE DIVISION WILDLIFE DIVISION SARAWAK FOREST DEPARTMENT. CO-AUTHOR for SWIFTLETS OF BORNEP, BUILDERS OF EDIBLE NESTS.

2. DR.AFIFI BIN SHEIKH ABU BAKAR, D.V.M.(LAHORE), M.S.P.H(TULANE UNI.) VET.SURGEON & SENIOR LECTURER in U.S.M., KELANTAN.

3. MR. LUA KOK HIYONG LLB(HONS)MALAYA ADVOCATES & SOLICITORS of LUA & MANSOR, Petaling Jaya & Kota Baru.

4. MR. JOEL LIM Y.H. MAIPM, MAPESMA, ARICS, AAIQS, M.SC. (PROJ.MGMT.)MBA, M.INT.MGMT., BappSc(Bldg/Qs) SENIOR PROJECT ENGINEER attached with TAIWAN HIGH SPEED RAIL PROJECT, (BULLET TRAIN) TAIWAN, R.O.C.

5. MR. YAP LEAN HOE APAM.RIBA.DIP.TRP(UTM)Bsc(HONS)HBP(USM) DIP.ARCH(DIST)HULL.UK. L.H. YAP CHARTERED ARCHITECTS. Sungai Petani, Kedah.

6. ALL THE EXPERIENCED LOCAL as well as foreign birdhouse owners and birdhouse experts with whom the author had communicated or interviewed with.

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Welcome to World Of Swiftlet Farming blog, a swiftlet farmers - friendly blog. Compiled by farmers, for farmers. Our blog has a full menu of latest swiftlet farming news from asia, new swiftlet farming equipments review, new techniques, write-ups and materials submitted by you. Our blog also feature HM Swiftlets brand's of products, WOSG brand's of farming equipments,and farmhouse building materials.

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Swiftlet Farming Investment Strategy
- Ensure the objective is realistic and worth the
potential loss. Pick battles you can win.

- Gather all the information available, even though some
of it might be wrong or even be misinformation.

- Make a plan with the best information on hand and
use that info to design a farm that meet the required
factors of a successful farm.Get advices from successful
farmers.

- Recognize that there is risk in everything. Things can
and do go wrong.
SELANGOR BN ASSOCIATION NEW YEAR DINNER :

Thought Of The Year
H.L. Mencken believed it is the nature of the human species to reject what is true but unpleasant and to embrace what is obviously false but comforting.

Thursday, February 5, 2009
I think celebrations are premature : Ku Li

http://razaleigh.com/2009/02/05/the-longer-term/

" The ethical and political issues coincide because ethical failures are at the core of our political problem. Umno is in critical condition. Our biggest challenge, both as a party and as the governing party, is to tackle corruption at every level. We are under close public scrutiny in addressing this problem. Unless we implement radical reforms and are seen to be doing so, we are finished politically come next election. " Written by Ku Li

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Swiflet sub-species?

2009-01-28T23:31:00.000-08:00

Hello, fellow bird farmers,

Are you interested in knowing swiflet sub-species?

Here an article for reference,

yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy
--- In swiftlets@yahoogrou ps.com, Ben Chai wrote:
>
> Hi Jeff,
>
> The house swiftlets is being classify as either a sub species or a
hybrid and is being renamed by Lord Cranbrook
as" fuciphagus domesticus". They as the name suggest are
domesticated although share the same food source as their cave
cousins , their nesting habits and even their nest compositions are
different. They no longer can survive and nest in caves but prefer to
co exist with human. This benefits both bird and man we provide
housing and they pay rental with their abundant nest. Win Win for
all... Pls. read my article in World Of Swiftlets Farming.
>
> Ben
> yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy

Sepatah kata industri sarang burung walet Indonesia

2009-01-28T18:56:00.000-08:00

Hi Salam bahagia, Selamat Tahun Baru Cina.

Di sini saya telah mengutipkan dari internet tentang industri ternakan sarang burung walet untuk sama-sama menikmati:

Budidaya sarang burung walet di jawa timur
Daniel Vincent Delaney
Australian Consortium for In-country Indonesian Studies (ACICIS)
Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu politik, Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang
Malang, Indonesia
Januari 2008
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LEMBAR PENGESAHAN
Judul Penelitian Budidaya Sarang Burung Walet di Jawa Timur. Nama Peneliti Daniel Delaney Nama Pembimbing Dr.Saiman
Mengetahui Januari 2007
Dekan FISIP Dosen Pembimbing Drs. Budi Suprapto, M.Si Dr.Saiman M.Si Resident Direktur ACICIS Ketua Program ACICIS FISIP-UMM Dr. Phil King, PhD Dr. M. Mas’ud Said, PhD
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Kata Pengantar Kepada staf di Universitas Muhammadiyah saya ucapkan terima kasih, khususnya kepada Ibu Lulud, petugas kantor ACICIS di Malang, Bapak Dr. H. A Habib, Mas‟ud Said phD, Dr.Phil King phD. Saya berterima kasih kepada Dr. Saiman M.Si, dosen pembimbing saya, atas bantuan dan panduan dia dan atas waktu dia, yang membantu saya selesaikan tugas ini.
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Abstraksi
Budidaya sarang burung walet adalah industri yang istimewa dan sangat penting untuk beberapa orang seluruh Indonesia terutama jawa timor. Sarang burung walet terbuat dari air liur burung walet yang dianggap mempunyai bermanfaat untuk kesehatan. Sarang tersebut biasanya digunakan untuk membuat sop dan sebagian besar sarang yang menghasilkan di Indonesia diekspor ke negara China terutama Hong kong. Burung walet mula-mula membuat sarangnya di atap gua, sehingga untuk mengambil sarang burung walet sangatlah sulit dan berbahaya. Burung walet juga membuat sarang di dalam rumah-rumah yang kosong. Oleh sebab itu orang-orang membeli rumah yang sudah disarangi oleh sekelompok burung walet, kemudian rumah itu dirubah menjadi rumah peternakan sarang burung walet. Karena budidaya burung walet di dalam rumah-rumah kosong adalah metode yang sangat efektif untuk menghasilkan sarang tersebut, orang-orang mulai membuat gedung khusus untuk budidaya sarang burung wallet. Ada beberapa faktor yang sangat penting untuk budidaya sarang burung walet, yaitu: lokasi, iklim, kondisi lingkungan, bentuk bangunan, faktor makanan serta teknik memancing walet. Semua faktor ini sangat penting untuk keberhasilan budidaya sarang burung walet. Di samping itu, gedung burung walet harus seperti gua liar karena itulah habitat asli burung walet. Dalam budidaya sarang burung walet ada tiga golongan pemilik gedung walet, yaitu golongan atas, golongan menengah dan golongan karyawan. Golongan karyawan yang mempunyai gedung kecil dan teknologi yang kurang maju karena mereka tidak memiliki cukup modal. Selain itu golongan ini juga membangun gedungnya di wilayah dimana mereka tinggal dan senang menghasilkan sarang burung seriti yang harganya sarang jauh lebih murah dari pada sarang burung walet, karena sarangnya memberikan penghasilan yang cukup bagi mereka.
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Pemilik dari golongan menengah juga membangun gedung walet di wilayah tempat tinggal mereka dan juga senang menghasilkan sarang burung seriti, tetapi golongan menengah membangun gedung lebih besar daripada golongan karyawan dan mempunyai pengetahuan dan teknologi yang lebih maju seperti tweeter sistem dan desain gedung. Sedangkan golongan atas juga mempunyai pengetahuan dan teknologi yang maju, mungkin lebih maju daripada golongan menengah, tetapi golongan atas tinggal di kota besar dan membangun gedung walet di daerah manapun yang paling cocok untuk budidaya sarang walet. Di samping itu, tujuan golongan atas adalah menghasilkan sarang burung walet saja, bukan sarang burung seriti. Sehingga mereka sering menukar telur burung seriti dengan telur burung walet dan menunggu lama sampai panen, karena mereka menginginkan sarang burung seriti untuk ditukar telurnya. Kabupaten Blitar pernah mencoba berperan aktif dalam industri ini, misalnya dengan membuat buku, dan mengadakan seminar tentang bagaimana budidaya sarang burung walet, namun secara keseluruhan pemerintah kabupaten Blitar tidak memainkan peranan besar dalam industri tersebut. Peran pemerintah kabupaten Blitar dihalangi oleh para pemilik gedung burung walet yang sudah berhasil, karena mereka tidak ingin pihak kabupaten terlibat dalam industri ini, sebab pemilik gedung walet khawatir jika mereka harus membayar lebih banyak uang pada pihak kabupaten. Sebagian besar pemilik gedung walet selalu berkata kepada pihak kabupaten bahwa gedung walet mereka belum berisi sarang burung walet dan belum panen sehingga mereka tidak harus membayar retribusi. Tetapi tidak semua pemilik gedung walet tidak ingin kabupaten ikut berperan dalam industri ini, misalnya orang-orang yang gedung waletnya belum berhasil, jadi mereka ingin mendapat bantuan dari pihak kabupaten.
Namun sebagian besar pemilik tidak ingin dibantu oleh kabupaten dan pemilik gedung walet ini tidak bersedia membantu kabupaten dengan memberikan data jumlah kilogram sarang yang mereka hasilkan, sehingga pihak kabupaten tidak bisa membuat data tentang jumlah total sarang yang dihasilkan di Blitar. Bagaimanapun, jika kabupaten membuat hukum mengatakan bahwa pemilik
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gedung walet seharusnya membuka pintu gedung kepada kabupaten dan kabupaten secara terus-menerus membuat pemilik membayar retrobusi kepada kabupaten, kemudian uang ini bisa membantu kabupaten membuat industri ini bertambah.
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Abstract
The farming of the Edible Nest Swiflet for their nests is an important industry for a number of people all around Indonesia especially East Java. The nest from the Edible Nest Swiftlet is made purely from the saliva of the bird, and is eaten for its health benefits. The nest is produced to make a soup and the majority of the nests produced in Indonesia are exported to China with most going to Hong Kong. The Edible Nest Swiftlet traditionally built its nests at the top of caves. As a result, it can be extremely difficult and dangerous to collect these nests. They also make their nests in the rafters of empty houses. Because of this, people buy houses that already have colonies of Swiftlets in them and turn these houses into commercial enterprises. Because this method is very effective, business people have built buildings especially designed to attract and farm these Swiftlet birds. To be successful in farming the Edible Nest Swiflet, there are a number of factors involved. These are: location, climate, the environment, building design, availability of food and technique of attracting the correct birds. All these factors are equally important in order to be successful in this industry. Farmers of the Edible Nest Swiflet can be categorised into three distinct classes. These are: upper, middle and lower class. The lower class owns small buildings and uses little technology. They always build their birds nest buildings in the area in which they live and are happy to produce the nests of the Seriti bird, which is easier to farm and is sold at a cheaper price than the Edible Nest Swiflet. The middle class also build in the area in which they live and are also quite happy producing the nest from the Seriti bird, however, the middle class build much larger buildings than the working class and use more advanced technology and methods.
The upper class use slightly more advanced technology and knowledge than the middle class, however, the upper class live in large cities and build their birds nest houses in areas which are most
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suitable for the farming of these birds. The upper class farmers only aim to produce the nests of the Edible Nest Swiftlets and not the Seriti bird nest. As a result, this class uses a number of different methods and are willing to wait a number of years to become successful in this industry. The local government in the district of Blitar in East Java has attempted to be active in this industry. For example, creating a book about farming methods as well as holding a seminar to discuss methods and thoughts on the industry. On the whole, however, the local government in Blitar plays a very minor role in this industry, collecting little tax from bird nest owners. When queried by the tax department, bird nest owners will frequently say they are yet to harvest the nests from their buildings in order to escape having to pay tax. Bird nest owners who are unsuccessful in producing nests, however, are very interested in the local government playing a larger role in this industry so that they can be assisted in their enterprise. Unfortunately, the majority of bird nest owners do not wish to cooperate with the local government in Blitar, making it very difficult for them to create data on the number of kilograms of nests produced within Blitar. If the local government created and enforced a law that allowed government workers to be given access to the birds nest buildings and inspect the number and quality of the nests this would ensure that the correct amount of tax is collected and that this money could be invested in ensuring that the industry survives. However, there are many obstacles to overcome such as corruption and lax government attitudes before the local government in Blitar can say they play a positive role in this industry.
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Daftar Isi
Lembar Pengesahan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ….ii Kata Pengantar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …. .iii Abstraksi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …..iv Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …..vii Daftar Isi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …...ix Bab I: 1.1 Pengantar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …………………1 1.1 Latar Belakang dan Pengantar Topik Penelitian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ………………….……2 1.2 Sejarah Budidaya Walet………………………………………………………………………………………….…3 1.3 Konsep………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...6 1.4 Fokus…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……...8 1.5 Metode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……………………………..….9 1.6 Permasalahan…………………………………………………………………………….……..9 Bab II: Metode budidaya walet……………………………………………………………….………11 2.1 Metode budidaya wallet………………………………………………………………….………….12 2.2 Lokasi……………………………………………………………………………………………;….14 2.3 Memancing walet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……………………………………….……..15 2.4 Menukar telur ....…………………………………………………………………………………….17 2.5 Pencuri …………………………………………………………………………………………...…17 2.6 Hama di dalam gedung walet ………………………………………………………….……………18 Bab III: Golongan pemilik gedung wallet ………………………………………….…………………20 3.1 Golongan pemilik gedung wallet ………………………….…………………………………………21 3.2 Golongan Atas .………………………………………………………………………………………21 3.3 Golongan Karyawan …………………………………………………………………………………23 3.4 Golongan Menengah …………………………………………………………………………………25 Bab IV: Peranan pemerintah Kabupaten Blitar ……………………………………………………..29 4.1 Peranan pemerintah Kabupaten Blitar ……………………………………………………………...30 4.2 Dinas kehutanan ……………………………………………………………………………………..31 4.3 Dinas perdagangan ………………………………………………………………………………….33 4.4 Sikap pemilik gedung walet mengenai peranan pihak kabupaten Blitar ……………………………34 Bab V: Pentutup ………………………………………………………………………………………..40 5.1 Kesimpulan…………………………………………………………………………………………...41 Apendix: Ragam masakan dari Sarang Burung Walet:………………………………………………………...44
Daftar Pustaka:…………………………………………………………………………………………47
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Bab I: Pengantar
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1.1 Latar Belakang dan Pengantar Topik Penelitian
Sarang burung walet adalah sarang yang istimewa sebab sarang tersebut terbuat dari air liur burung walet yang dianggap mempunyai bermanfaat untuk kesehatan. Selain itu, sarang burung walet juga bisa digunakan untuk membuat sop yang sangat populer di negara China, terutama di Hong Kong. Sebagian besar sarang burung walet yang diekspor dari Indonesia juga di ekspor ke Hong Kong dan China1.
Sop sarang burung walet telah dikonsumsi oleh orang-orang China selama ribuan tahun. Seiring dengan meningkatnya perekonomian China, permintaan sarang burung walet juga semakin meningkat. Oleh sebab itu, industri sarang walet di Asia dan terutama di Indonesia juga mengalami dampak kenaikan. Sop sarang burung walet adalah salah satu jenis makanan yang mempunyai tanda kebesaran di China, sehingga banyak peminatnya terutama berasal dari China2
Perdagangan sarang walet mulai berkembang di China pada masa dinasti T'ang pada abad 618-907. Pada abad ke-20 pemerintah komunis China melarang masyarakat China untuk memakan makanan yang mahal dan istimewa seperti sop sarang burung walet. Tetapi pada abad akhir ke-20 pemerintah China menjadi lebih bebas sehingga pemintaan sarang burung walet kembali meningkat3.
Indonesia adalah negara yang menghasilkan sebagian besar sarang burung walet di dunia. Negara-negara lain yang juga menghasilkan sarang burung walet adalah Thailand, Malaysia, Filipina, Vietnam, Burma, Singapura, India dan Srilanka4. Semua negara ini terletak di Asia Selatan dan Asia Tenggara. Di Indonesia sebagian besar sarang burung walet dihasilkan di pulau Jawa dan budidaya dilakukan dengan menggunakan gedung walet. Gedung walet sangat populer di daerah Pasuruan, Gresik, Tuban, Semarang, Pekalongan dan Blora yang semuanya terletak di Jawa Timur5.
1 Jeanie Mackay,‟Swifts and Trade‟, Ted case study, at http://www.america.edu/ted/SWIFT.HTM, pada pebruari 3 2008. 2 Ibid 3 Ibid 4 Hadi Iswanto, „Walet Budidaya dan aspek bisnisnya‟, Agromedia, 2002, p.5 prakarta. 5 Dinas Kehutanan dan Perkebunan Kabupaten Blitar, „Pedoman Budidaya Walet‟, Blitar, juni 2001, p.3.
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1.2 Sejarah Budidaya Walet
Berdasarkan buku „Pedoman Budidaya Walet‟ yang diterbitkan oleh Dinas Kehutanan dan Perkebunan Kabupaten Blitar, sarang burung walet ditemukan di Indonesia di daerah Kebumen, Jawa Tengah pada tahun 1720 oleh seorang lurah yang bernama Sadrana6. Suatu hari, saat Sadrana berenang di pantai, dia melihat banyak burung walet beterbangan dan kemudian masuk ke dalam sebuah gua7. Sadrana dan teman-temannya memasuki gua tersebut dan menemukan sarang burung walet di dinding-dinding gua yang berwarna putih keperak-perakan8. Kemudian, mereka mengambil beberapa sarangnya dan dibawa kepada Sultan Katasura. Sultan Katasura sangat menyukai sarang burung walet tersebut setelah dimasak. Sejak saat itulah, sarang burung walet menjadi komoditas yang sangat berharga dan hanya dimakan oleh orang-orang yang sanggup membeli sarang tersebut9. Walaupun cerita ini menggambarkan awal mula konsumsi sarang burung walet di Indonesia, namun kita juga harus mempertimbangkan pengaruh kebudayaan Cina terhadap kebudayaan Indonesia terutama dibidang pengobatan tradisional. Ini berdasarkan fakta bahwa di Cina orang-orang mulai memakan sarang burung walet ratusan tahun sebelum Sadrana memperkenalkan sarang burung walet kepada Sultan Katasura.
Menurut Agromedia Indonesia, sarang burung walet mulai dibudidayakan pada tahun 1980 di pulau Jawa ketika seorang muslim yang bernama Tohir Sukarama pulang ke kampung Sedaya, Gresik setelah beberapa tahun tinggal di tanah suci Mekah10. Dia mendapati rumahnya telah menjadi tempat bersarang walet. Karena dia sudah mengetahui bahwa nilai ekonomi sarang burung walet sangat tinggi, maka dia pindah ke rumah yang baru dan mulai memelihara burung walet di rumah lamanya11. Karena
6 Dinas Kehutanan dan Perkebunan Kabupaten Blitar, „Pedoman Budidaya Walet‟, Blitar, juni 2001, p.2 7 Ibid 8 Ibid 9 Ibid,p.3 10 Arie Liliyah Rahman dan M. T. Nixon, „Budi Daya Walet‟, Redaksi Agromedia, 2007, p.7. 11 Ibid
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teknik budidaya walet dengan cara ini berhasil, beberapa orang kemudian mengikuti teknik tersebut, tetapi hanya orang yang berhubungan dekat dengan Sukarama12. Kemudian setelah beberapa tahun teknik merumahkan walet mulai tersebar luas. Pada akhir tahun 1980-an “para ilmuwan pun mulai melakukan penelitian mengenai walet dan teknik-teknik merumahkannya. Sejak saat itu, teknik budidaya walet mulai banyak dipublikasikan lewat buku panduan manual, pelatihan, seminar, dan agen-agen konsultan”13. Pada tahun 1989, berbagai pihak yang berkecimpung dalam budidaya walet bertemu dalam seminar budidaya walet. Termasuk dalam pihak-pihak ini adalah pemerintah, peneliti dan para praktisi dari Indonesia dan luar negeri. Seminar ini membahas tentang teknik budidaya burung walet yang masih tersembunyi dan tersebar sehingga industri tersebut bisa berkembang14.
Ada tiga jenis burung walet yang bisa dikomsumsi sebagai makanan antara lain: Collocalia fuciphaga, Collocalias maxima dan Collocalia esculenta (burung sriti)15. Ada satu jenis burung walet lagi yaitu Collocalia germani, tetapi menurut pendapat Chantler dan Driessens (1995), Collocalia germani termasuk dalam spesies Collacalia fuciphaga sehingga bukan merupakan spesies tersendiri16. Collocalia germani tidak ditemukan di Indonesia, namun burung tersebut ditemukan di negara lain di Asia seperti Vietnam. Dalam dunia akademik ada perdebatan yang menyatakan bahwa burung-burung ini seharusnya tidak termasuk jenis burung Collocalia tetapi termasuk dalam jenis Aerodramus, tetapi di dalam skripsi ini akan digunakan jenis Collocalia karena itu adalah jenis burung walet yang biasanya ditulis di dalam buku-buku dan perdebatan juga belum diputuskan.
Collocalia fuciphaga adalah jenis burung yang banyak dicari karena burung tersebut bersarang putih. Collocalia fuciphaga ditemukan di Cina selatan dan Asia Tenggara termasuk Indonesia17. Di Sumatra dan Kalimantan burung tersebut bisa hidup sampai ketinggian 2800 meter di atas permukan
12 Arie Liliyah Rahman dan M. T. Nixon, „Budi Daya Walet‟, Redaksi Agromedia, 2007, p.7. 13 Ibid 14 Arie Liliyah Rahman dan M. T. Nixon, „Budi Daya Walet‟,2007, p.7,8. 15 „Panduan Praktis Sukses Memikat Walet‟, Redaksi Trubus, 2005, p.119. 16 Arie Liliyah Rahman dan M. T. Nixon, „Budi Daya Walet‟, Redaksi Agromedia, 2007, p.3. 17 John Mackinnon dan Karen Phillipps, „A field guide to the birds of Borneo, Sumatra, Java and Bali, Oxford university press, 1993, p. 202-203.
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laut, tetapi di Jawa dan Bali burung ini biasanya hidup dekat pantai di dalam gua yang gelap dan dalam, dengan menggunakan „echolocation‟ didalam gua18. Burung tersebut kira-kira berukuran 12 sentimeter, dadanya berwarna hitam kecoklatan dan warna punggung lebih kelabu. Ekor burung ini bercabang, paruhnya berwana hitam dan kakinya juga berwarna hitam19. Collocalia fuciphaga dan Collocalia maxima tidak dapat dibedakan dari Collocalia esculenta kecuali dari sarangnya20. Collocalia maxima membuat sarang dengan air liur seperti fuciphaga tetapi sarangnya bercampur dengan bulu burung sehingga harga sarangnya lebih rendah. Namun demikian, karena keduanya membuat sarang dengan air liur dan sarangnya hanya sedikit berbeda, orang Indonesia menyebut Collocalia fuciphaga dan Collocalia maxima dengan nama burung walet. Oleh karena itu dalam skripsi ini akan digunakan kata burung walet untuk kedua jenis burung tersebut. Sementara sarang Collocalia esculenta sangat berbeda dari sarang burung walet karena esculenta membuat sarang dari daun, bulu burung dan hanya sedikit air liur. Orang Indonesia menamakan burung ini burung seriti dan harga sarangnya jauh lebih murah daripada sarang burung walet karena sarangnya hanya mengandung sedikit air liur. Harga sarang burung seriti kira-kira satu juta dua ratus ribu rupiah per kilogram sedangkan harga sarang burung walet antara tujuh juta sampai empat belas juta rupiah per kilogram tergantung kualitasnya. Ada empat kelas sarang burung walet yang dihasilkan di Indonesia. Kelas keempat adalah sarang yang paling kotor sehingga harganya paling murah. Sarangnya sangat kotor karena telur walet sudah ditetaskan atau terbuat dari air kotor. Harga sarang kelas empat kira-kira tujuh sampai delapan juta rupiah per kilogram.
Kelas ketiga agak kotor tetapi terbuat dari air liur dan bulu burung. Sarang kelas tiga berharga kira-kira delapan sampai sembilan juta rupiah per kilogram. Sarang walet kelas dua tidak terbuat dari bulu burung tetapi sarangnya masih sedikit kotor. Kotornya bisa dikarenakan burung tersebut bertelur tetapi telurnya kemudian diambil setelah menetas. Harga sarang kelas dua kira-kira sepuluh sampai dua
18 John Mackinnon dan Karen Phillipps, „A field guide to the birds of Borneo, Sumatra, Java and Bali, 1993, p. 202-203. 19 Ibid 20 Ibid
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belas juta rupiah per kilogram. Kelas yang tertinggi adalah sarang yang paling bersih, warnanya sangat putih dan tidak ada bulu burung. Sarang seperti ini adalah sarang yang paling banyak diminta dari pemilik gedung walet karena harga sarang ini paling tinggi, kira-kira dua belas sampai empat belas juta rupiah per kilogram. Disamping kelas-kelas sarang berwarna putih ada juga sarang burung walet yang berwarna merah. Sarang merah asli adalah sarang yang jarang didapat karena sarangnya terbuat dengan campuran air liur dan darah, tetapi sarang ini sangat jarang sehingga harganya merupakan yang tertinggi, kira-kira empat belas juta rupiah atau lebih per kilogram. Sarang burung walet juga bisa dibuat agar berwarna merah tetapi warnanya sedikit berbeda dengan sarang merah asli. Untuk membuat sarang berwarna merah didalam gedung walet harus mempunyai banyak air dan diberi campuran amoniak kedalam airnya. Amoniak membantu sarang menjadi warna merah tetapi harga sarang ini tidak setinggi sarang merah asli. Harga sarang yang dibuat merah masih tergantung dengan kualitas sarang tetapi sedikit lebih mahal dari pada sarang putih biasa. 1.3 Konsep
Burung walet mula-mula membuat sarangnya di atap gua, sehingga untuk mengambil sarang burung walet sangatlah sulit dan berbahaya. Untuk mengambil sarang burung walet di gua orang-orang harus naik tangga bambu yang sangat tinggi dan kurang stabil21. Di samping itu, sarang burung walet yang dari gua adalah sumber daya jadi siapapun bisa menghasilkan. Tetapi dengan budidaya sarang burung walet di dalam gedung tersebut bisa menghasilkan semua sarangnya dengan sendirinya22.
Burung walet juga membuat sarang di dalam rumah-rumah yang kosong. Oleh sebab itu orang-orang membeli rumah yang sudah disarangi oleh sekelompok burung walet, kemudian rumah itu dirubah menjadi rumah peternakan sarang burung walet. Karena budidaya burung walet di dalam rumah-rumah kosong adalah metode yang sangat efektif untuk menghasilkan sarang tersebut, orang-
21 Hadi Iswanto, „Walet Budidaya dan aspek bisnisnya‟, Agromedia, 2002, p.2 22 Arie Liliyah Rahman dan M. T. Nixon, „Budi Daya Walet‟, 2007, p.9,10.
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orang mulai membuat gedung khusus untuk budidaya sarang burung walet23. Proses budidaya burung walet ini, terutama dilakukan di pulau Jawa dan sarang yang dihasilkan adalah sarang burung putih yang berkualitas paling bagus dan termahal24. Burung seriti juga bersarang di dalam gedung atau rumah tersebut, tetapi harga sarangnya sangat rendah dibandingkan harga sarang burung walet. Oleh karena itu, pemilik gedung kemudian menukar telur burung seriti dengan burung walet sehingga induk burung yang menetaskan akan kembali ke gedung tersebut untuk bersarang. Tujuan metode ini adalah mengisi gedung dengan burung walet, tetapi sebelum bisa menukar telur pemilik gedung harus mempunyai lima puluh ekor burung seriti atau lebih. Oleh karena itu, pemilik gedung ingin burung seriti berada dalam gedung tetapi tidak mengambil sarang seriti sampai gedungnya sudah mempunyai banyak burung walet. Tetapi kebanyakan telur burung walet yang ditetaskan hilang sehingga proses ini lama dan mahal.
Ada beberapa faktor yang sangat penting untuk budidaya sarang burung walet, yaitu: “lokasi, iklim, kondisi lingkungan, bentuk bangunan, faktor makanan serta teknik memancing walet”25. Semua faktor ini sangat penting untuk keberhasilan budidaya sarang burung walet. Di samping itu, gedung burung walet harus seperti gua liar karena itulah habitat asli burung walet.
Budidaya sarang burung walet, seriti dan pemungutan sarang burung walet dari gua adalah bisnis yang besar dan sangat penting bagi desa-desa kecil di seluruh Indonesia dan juga bagi pengusaha yang membangun gedung-gedung yang sangat besar sehingga menghasilkan sarang dalam jumlah besar. Pada tahun 2001, 80% sarang burung walet yang dihasilkan di dunia diperoleh dari Indonesia dan sebagian besar dari jumlah tersebut berasal dari hasil budidaya walet di Jawa26. Pada tahun 2001, “Indonesia sudah mengekspor lebih dari 400 ton sarang burung walet dengan harga rata-rata 3 juta
23 Arie Liliyah Rahman dan M. T. Nixon, „Budi Daya Walet‟, 2007, p.10. 24 Ibid 25 Arie Liliyah Rahman dan M. T. Nixon, „Budi Daya Walet‟, 2007, p.9,10. 26 Arie Liliyah Rahman dan M. T. Nixon, „Budi Daya Walet‟, Redaksi Agromedia, 2007, p.5 prakata
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dolar AS per ton”27. Jumlah itu adalah ekspor tujuh tahun yang lalu, sehingga kemungkinan jumlah ekspor telah meningkat sekarang ini. 1.4 Fokus Dalam skripsi ini akan dibahas tentang budidaya sarang burung walet di Jawa Timur dan terutama di kabupaten Blitar. Laporan ini terdiri dari empat bab utama yaitu: „sejarah budidaya sarang burung walet‟, „teknik budidaya sarang burung walet‟, „pemilik gedung sarang burung walet‟, dan „hubungan antara pemerintah dan pemilik gedung sarang burung walet‟. Dalam bab dua akan dibahas tentang bagaimana membangun gedung sarang walet dan desain gedung yang berdaya guna untuk budidaya sarang walet. Selain itu dalam bab dua juga akan dibahas tentang cara memancing burung walet, bagaimana membuat walet betah tinggal di gedung, serta tentang hama walet dan cara mengendalikannya. Kemudian dalam bab tiga akan dijelaskan tentang tiga golongan pemilik gedung sarang walet di Jawa Timur, yaitu golongan tinggi, golongan menegah dan golongan karyawan. Selain itu dalam bab tiga juga akan dijelaskan mengenai perbedaan antara golongan-golongan tersebut seperti desain dan teknologi, serta akan dibahas tentang keunggulan yang dimiliki masing-masing golongan. Bab empat akan berfokus pada peran kabupaten Blitar atas budidaya burung walet, serta hubungan antara pemilik gedung walet dari golongan tinggi dan golongan petani dengan kabupaten Blitar. Dalam skripsi ini akan dijelaskan tentang industri sarang burung walet yang merupakan industri yang sangat besar dan sangat penting bagi banyak orang di seluruh Jawa Timur dari golongan atas sampai golongan petani. Golongan tinggi mempunyai beberapa keunggulan daripada golongan karyawan, tetapi kekosongan ini bisa ditutup dengan keterlibatan pihak kabupaten. Bagaimanapun, keterlibatan dari kabupaten tersebut dihalangi oleh pemilik gedung walet yang sudah berhasil. Mereka tidak mau pihak kabupaten ikut campur karena mereka takut harus membayar lebih bayak pajak atau retribusi.
27 Arie Liliyah Rahman dan M. T. Nixon, „Budi Daya Walet‟, 2007, p.5 prakata
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1.5 Metode Untuk mencari infomasi tentang budidaya burung walet penulis membaca beberapa buku tentang topik ini. Sumber bahan bacaan penulis dapat dari toko buku Gramedia dan perpustakan UMM yang menyediakan bermacam-macam buku dalam jumlah besar seperti „Menentukan lokasi budidaya walet‟ dan „sukses memikat walet‟. Buku-buku tersebut adalah informasi dasar untuk penulisan topik ini. Selain itu untuk mencari infomasi tentang sarang burung walet yang ada di Blitar, penulis mengunjungi kantor kabupaten Blitar. Jika seseorang ingin membangun gedung sarang burung walet, mereka harus membuat surat Ijin Mendirikan Bangunan {IMB} dari kantor kabupaten tersebut. Oleh sebab itu, kantor kabupaten sangat berperan dalam pencarian infomasi tentang data-data atau alamat pemilik sarang burung walet. Kemudian penulis juga mengunjungi gedung-gedung sarang burung walet di sekitar Blitar untuk melakukan wawancara dengan penjaga atau pemilik gedungnya tentang desain gedungnya, usia gedung dan segala hal yang berkaitan dengan budidaya sarang burung walet. Di Blitar dan Surabaya penulis juga melakukan wawancara dengan pemilik toko-toko sarang burung walet yang membeli dan menjual sarang tersebut. Toko-toko ini adalah tempat yang bagus untuk mencari infomasi tentang harga sarang burung walet dan berapa kilogram sarang yang bisa dihasilkan suatu gedung dalam satu kali panen. Toko-toko ini juga menjual alat-alat untuk membangun gedung sarang burung walet sehingga penulis bisa memperoleh informasi mengenai cara membangun dan desain gedung sarang burung walet. 1.6 Permasalahan
Sarang burung walet adalah komoditas yang sangat berharga, oleh karena itu kemungkinan melakukan wawancara dengan petani atau pengusaha sarang burung walet agak sulit karena mereka tidak ingin memberikan informasi yang bisa membantu orang-orang lain yang ingin membuat gedung atau sudah mempunyai gedung sarang burung walet sehingga menyela penawaran dan permintaan.
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Disamping itu, infomasi seperti berapa kilogram yang dihasilkan dari sebuah gedung sarang walet adalah infomasi yang sangat sensitif sehingga tidak menutup kemungkinan menarik datangnya pencuri atau perampok gedung sarang burung walet. Untuk mengatasi masalah ini, penulis harus memperlihatkan surat ijin penelitian dari UMM kepada para pemilik gedung sarang walet dan berusaha agar mereka bisa mempercayai dan memberikan informasi yang dibutuhkan. Jika pemilik tersebut tidak bisa memberikan infomasi tentang gedung sarang burung walet tersebut, maka penulis mencari nara sumber lain yang bisa memberikan informasi tentang budidaya sarang burung walet.
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Bab II:
Metode budidaya walet
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2.1 Metode budidaya walet Untuk budidaya sarang burung walet ada bermacam-macam ukuran gedung mulai dari gedung kecil satu lantai berukuran 3m x 4m, hingga gedung yang sangat besar berlantai empat dengan ruangan berukuran 50m x 20m dan ketinggian gedung mencapai 18m atau lebih. Namun semua gedung yang besar atau kecil harus mengikuti tata cara yang sama agar bisa berhasil dalam membudidayakan sarang burung walet. Tata cara yang dimaksud adalah desain dan lokasi gedung, memancing burung walet dan serangga kedalam gedung. Semua hal ini sangat penting untuk budidaya sarang burung walet.
Desain masing-masing gedung tersebut harus mempunyai dinding dengan ketinggian 3m atau lebih karena burung walet tidak akan membuat sarang jika ketinggian dinding kurang dari 3m. Dinding yang lebih tinggi akan lebih baik, misalnya Ansari Sofian yang mempunyai gedung walet di Kawaran, Blitar menyatakan bahwa di dalam gedung miliknya, paling banyak burung bersarang di ujung atap dinding yang tidak berpenyekat hingga ketinggian 6m atau lebih28. Oleh karena itu dalam gedung tersebut tidak ada sarang di lantai ketiga karena ketinggian dinding di lantai ketiga hanya 2.3m sehingga terlalu pendek untuk burung walet membuat sarangnya. Meskipun di lantai ketiga ada sarang tetapi hanya di ujung atap dinding yang tidak berpenyekat29. Ini adalah salah satu contoh mengapa ketinggian gedung itu sangat penting.
Suhu didalam gedung juga sangat penting karena kalau suhunya 30 derajat celcius atau lebih, air liur walet akan cepat mengering sehingga sarang walet akan berukuran kecil30. Tetapi kalau suhu terlalu dingin seperti dibawah 26 derajat celcius, air liur walet sulit mengering sehingga mengalami kesulitan dalam membuat sarang31. Oleh karena itu, suhu di dalam gedung walet harus senantiasa stabil
28 Wawancara dengan pak Ansari Sofian, 10/4/08, Blitar. 29 Ibid 30 Arie Liliyah Rahman dan M. Topan Nixon,Budi Daya Walet, Redaksi Agromedia, 2007, p.24. 31 Arie Liliyah Rahman dan M. Topan Nixon,Budi Daya Walet, Redaksi Agromedia, 2007, p.24.
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antara 26-29 derajat celcius, jadi harus ada termometer yang digantung pada dinding di dalam gedung untuk membantu memantau fluktuasi suhu32.
Kalau gedung terletak pada ketinggian 250 m dpl atau lebih, biasanya tidak ada masalah dengan suhu di dalam gedung, tetapi jika letaknya dibawah 250 m dpl, gedung tersebut memerlukan perlakuan khusus untuk memperoleh suhu yang pas didalam gedung33. Di Jawa Timur sebagian besar gedung burung walet terletak dekat pantai sehingga banyak gedung di daerah itu bermasalah dengan suhu yang pas dalam gedung. Kalau ada masalah dengan suhu, maka dibutuhkan lubang ventilasi udara di dinding gedung. Lubang ventilasi ini memudahkan menyiasati fluktuasi suhu di dalam gedung sehingga ketika suhu turun lubang ventilasi bisa ditutup atau jika suhu terlalu panas semua lubang ventilasi bisa dibuka34.Salah satu cara untuk memudahkan fluktuasi suhu di dalam gedung adalah „hujan buatan‟. Hujan buatan ini dilakukan dengan menyemprotkan air diluar gedung agar suhu di dalam gedung menjadi berkurang35.
Selain suhu, kelembaban di dalam gedung walet adalah hal yang sangat penting untuk budidaya sarang burung walet. 80-95% adalah kelembaban yang ideal untuk gedung walet36. Kalau kelembaban berada dibawah 80%, bentuk sarang walet tidak bagus, sarangnya cepat kering dan lepas sebab daya lekatnya kurang, daging sarangnya tipis serta mudah remuk37. Selain itu kalau kelembaban terlalu tinggi, sarangnya bisa menjadi kekuning-kuningan sehingga harga sarang lebih rendah. Di samping itu, kayu sirip di atap bisa mudah berjamur sehingga menyebabkan burung walet enggan bersarang38.
Cara yang digunakan untuk menciptakan kelembaban di gedung yaitu dengan membuat kolam di dalam gedung dan di luar gedung, sehingga proses penguapan bisa menambah kelembaban merata
32 Arie Liliyah Rahman dan M. Topan Nixon,Budi Daya Walet, 2007, p.24. 33 Ibid, p.23 34 Ibid, p.25 35 A. Hendri Mulia, Strategi Jitu Memikat, Redaksi Agromedia, 2007, pp.16-17. 36 Arie Liliyah Rahman dan M. Topan Nixon,Budi Daya Walet, 2007, p.28. 37 Arie Liliyah Rahman dan M. Topan Nixon,Budi Daya Walet, 2007, p.28. 38 Ibid, pp,28-29.
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dalam gedung39. Salah satu cara untuk membuat kelembaban di gedung adalah dengan menggunakan bak-bak air, Yanti yang memiliki gedung di jalan Bromo, Wlinggi menggunakan bak-bak karena gedung miliknya berada di atas rumah makan jadi dia takut jika membuat kolam di atas rumah makan akan menyebabkan kebocoran40. Yanti menyatakan bahwa penggunaan bak-bak bagus untuk pemantauan fluktuasi kelembaban, jadi kalau kelembaban terlalu tinggi dapat dengan mudah diatasi dengan cara memindahkan beberapa bak, dan begitu pula sebaliknya jika kelembaban terlalu rendah bisa diatasi dengan menambah jumlah bak41. Selain itu, banyak pemilik gedung walet yang juga menggunakan „hujan buatan‟ untuk menambah kelembaban, sehingga „hujan buatan‟ bisa digunakan untuk mengatasi masalah suhu dan kelembaban42.
Karena burung walet bersarang di atap ruangan dalam gedung, desain atap sangat penting dalam budidaya sarang burung walet. Atap ruang di dalam gedung bisa dibuat dengan kayu, semen atau aluminium, tetapi sebagian besar dibuat dengan kayu43. Di atap harus dibuat sirip-sirip sehingga burung-burung bisa bersarang di sudut sirip. Kalau gedungnya mempunyai dua lantai atau lebih, lantai kedua akan dibuat dengan semen, jadi di atap masing-masing lantai harus ditambah kayu sehingga bisa dibuat sirip. Sirip tersebut dibuat dari kayu yang sudah kering, cukup kuat dan tidak punya aroma wangi yang keras. Kayu yang biasanya digunakan adalah „kayu jati, keruwing, meranti, merbau, rasamala, sengon laut dan begkirai44. 2.2 Lokasi
Lokasi adalah faktor yang sangat penting untuk budidaya sarang walet karena kalau lokasi tidak sesuai maka akan kesulitan untuk mengisi gedung dengan burung walet. Untuk menjadi pemilik yang berhasil dalam budidaya sarang walet harus dipilih lokasi yang cocok dimana sudah ada populasi
39 Dinas Kehutanan dan Perkebunan kabupaten Blitar, Pedoman Budidaya Walet, 2001, p.19. 40 Wawancara dengan Ibu Yanti di Wlinggi pada 11/4/08. 41 Ibid 42 A. Hendri Mulia, Strategi Jitu Memikat, Redaksi Agromedia, 2007, p,18. 43 Arie Liliyah Rahman dan M. Topan Nixon,Budi Daya Walet, 2007, p.38 44 Ibid
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burung walet atau seriti, supaya dapat memancing burung-burung untuk bersarang dalam gedungnya. Lokasi dimana sudah ada beberapa gedung walet yang berhasil adalah lokasi yang bagus karena tentu ada burung walet di daerah itu. Wlinggi adalah contoh lokasi yang bagus karena di Wlinggi gedung walet sudah ada sejak tahun 80-an dan karena gedung tersebut sudah berhasil, lebih banyak lagi gedung yang dibuat oleh pengusaha lain45. Di samping itu orang-orang akan ikut serta membudidayakan sarang walet karena burung walet atau seriti sudah bersarang di dalam rumah atau di gedung. Kemudian gedung khusus untuk budidaya sarang walet dibuat di samping atau di sekeliling tempat yang ada sarang burung waletnya46. Ansari Sofian dari Kawaran, Blitar menyatakan bahwa dia ikut membudidayakan sarang burung walet karena burung seriti bersarang di dalam gudangnya, tetapi dia tidak tahu bahwa sarangnya berharga sampai seorang teman memberitahunya.47
Namun demikian, untuk memilih lokasi yang belum ada gedung sarang walet, dapat digunakan „CD cek lokasi‟ yang memiliki suara walet dan bagus untuk mengecek apakah ada burung seriti atau walet disitu48. Cara ini mudah sekali yaitu dengan memakai speaker yang diikatkan pada ujung bambu dan memutar CD tersebut sehingga burung tertarik pada suara walet49. Kalau ada banyak burung yang berputar-putar disekitar speaker, itu artinya bahwa mungkin ini adalah tempat yang bagus untuk budidaya sarang burung walet. Tetapi, karena sulit untuk mengetahui apakah burung tersebut adalah burung walet atau burung yang lain sebelum melihat sarangnya, maka metode ini masih beresiko50. 2.3 Memancing walet
Sesudah gedung siap digunakan untuk budidaya sarang walet, ada beberapa metode untuk memancing burung dari gua, gedung yang lain atau burung yang sudah bersarang di tempat lain sehingga burung tersebut mau bersarang di dalam gedung baru. Karena burung seriti membuat sarang
45 Wawancara dengan Pak Tekno di Wlinggi pada 11/4/08 46 Wawancara dengan pak Ansari Sofian, 10/4/08, Blitar. 47 Wawancara dengan pak Ansari Sofian, 10/4/08, Blitar. 48 Arief Budiman, Menentukan Lokasi Budi Daya Walet, Penebar Swadaya, 2002, pp.60-61 49 Ibid 50 Ibid
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dengan daun dan air liur, dimana daun pinus adalah daun yang paling disukai, dengan menggantungkan daun pinus di gedung adalah metode yang sangat mudah, murah dan mujarab51. Oleh karena itu, motode ini adalah metode yang sangat biasa digunakan, tetapi metode ini hanya untuk memancing burung seriti. Metode yang paling mujarab adalah sistem tweeter, sistem ini menggunakan banyak speaker di dalam gedung yang memutar suara burung walet52. Metode ini dipakai setiap pagi dan sore agar terdengar oleh burung walet yang sedang mencari tempat bersarang53. Disamping itu, untuk memancing burung walet yang berada di kejauhan, bisa digunakan „hexagonal tweeter‟. Tweeter ini dipasang di atap gedung walet dan suaranya sangat kuat sehingga burung walet yang sedang terbang di kejauhan bisa mendengarnya54. Menurut pendapat Hendri Mulia, sistem „hexagonal tweeter‟ sangat efektif untuk memancing burung walet hingga radius 500 m55. Terdapat bermacam-macam sistem tweeter dalam jumlah besar mulai dari sistem otomatis yang cukup mahal, sampai CD player murah yang harus dihidupkan secara manual. CD dan sistem tweeter ini bisa dibeli di toko burung walet di Surabaya dan Jakarta.
Satu metode lain untuk memancing walet yang digunakan oleh pemilik gedung walet adalah „aroma walet‟. Biasanya metode ini hanya dipakai di gedung walet yang kosong dan dengan aroma walet ini, burung walet berpikir bahwa gedung tersebut sudah dihuni oleh koloni burung walet sehingga tempat itu aman untuk walet56. Aroma walet dibuat dengan 1kg kotoran walet dicampur dengan 5 liter air. Kemudian, campuran kotoran walet dan air diendapkan selama 5 hari kemudian disaring. Sesudah itu, air walet dicampur dengan minyak ikan dengan perbandingan 3 : 1, kemudian diaduk. Setelah itu campuran siap untuk disemprotkan ke dinding gedung walet, tetapi campuran ini
51 Wawancara dengan Pak Widar di Wlinggi pada 11/4/08. 52 A. Hendri Mulia, Strategi Jitu Memikat, Redaksi Agromedia, 2007, p34. 53 A. Hendri Mulia, Strategi Jitu Memikat, Redaksi Agromedia, 2007, p.34. 54 Ibid, p.35. 55 Ibid 56 Ibid, p.18
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tidak boleh mengenai sirip papan karena merupakan tempat burung akan bersarang. Jika gedung walet tersebut baru dibangun, penyemprotan harus dilakukan setiap minggu agar bau semen cepat hilang57. 2.4 Menukar Telur
Salah satu cara yang dipakai oleh petani-petani sarang burung walet untuk meningkatkan hasil dan menjamin kualitas sarang yang dihasilkan adalah dengan menukar telur burung seriti dengan telur burung walet, karena harga sarang burung seriti jauh lebih rendah daripada harga sarang burung walet58. Sehingga, sesudah burung walet tersebut menjadi burung dewasa, dia akan kembali ke rumahnya untuk bertelur dan bersarang. Oleh karena itu, rumah pertanian sarang burung walet itu akan menjadi rumah sarang burung walet59. Tetapi salah satu kelemahan metode ini adalah tidak semua burung yang menetaskan telur di gedung ini kembali lagi untuk bersarang. Sebagian besar burung tersebut hilang sehingga proses ini memerlukan waktu yang cukup lama untuk mengisi gedung dengan burung walet. 2.5 Pencuri
Pencuri sarang burung walet adalah ancaman utama dalam budidaya sarang burung walet. Oleh sebab itu, gedung-gedung walet yang besar harus memiliki penjaga dan pagar yang tinggi. Namun demikian, menurut Nick, terkadang pencuri nekat mengikat erat-erat penjaga kemudian mengelas pintu gedung walet sampai terbuka60. Atau pencuri bisa juga masuk gedung lewat lubang keluar-masuk burung walet, jadi sebaiknya lubang tersebut tidak dibuat terlalu besar. Biasanya pencuri sarang burung walet akan mencuri semua sarang di gedung walet, sehingga burung walet menjadi sangat tertekan dan menyebabkan burung walet pergi dari gedung itu untuk mencari lokasi lain yang lebih aman untuk bersarang61. Karena itu, ancaman pencurian adalah masalah yang penting karena bukan hanya pencuri
57 A. Hendri Mulia, Strategi Jitu Memikat, Redaksi Agromedia, 2007, pp. 18-19
58 Jeanie Mackay,‟Swifts and Trade‟, Ted case study, at http://www.america.edu/ted/SWIFT.HTM, pada pebruari 3 2008.
59 Jeanie Mackay,‟Swifts and Trade‟, Ted case study, at http://www.america.edu/ted/SWIFT.HTM, pada pebruari 3 2008. 60 Wawancara dengan Pak Nick, di Jakarta, 22 maret 2008 61 Dinas Kehutanan dan Perkebunan kabupaten Blitar, Pedoman Budidaya Walet, 2001, p.36.
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mengambil semua sarang-sarang yang berharga, tetapi juga kemungkinan semua burung walet akan hilang sehingga pengusaha harus mulai dari nol lagi. 2.6 Hama di dalam gedung walet
Selain pencuri, ada beberapa binatang yang sangat berbahaya bagi koloni burung walet. Serangga seperti kepinding, semut dan kecoa bisa masuk gedung dengan mudah dan memakan sarang burung walet sehingga harga sarangnya turun62. Cara yang sangat ampuh untuk membebaskan gedung walet dari serangga tersebut adalah dengan menggunakan racun bernama kapur ajaib. Racun ini harus ditempatkan di seluruh gedung terutama di tempat serangga bisa masuk gedung seperti lubang ventalasi. Racun tikus juga harus diletakkan di dalam gedung karena tikus sangat suka memakan sarang burung walet, sehingga menyebabkan burung walet menjadi stress dan mencari tempat lain yang lebih aman untuk bersarang63. Racun tikus juga efektif untuk tokek karena tokek juga suka memakan sarang burung walet, terutama telur walet. Ini juga membuat burung walet stress dan menyebabkan burung pergi dari gedung. Salah satu metode lain yang sangat efektif untuk menghentikan tikus dan tokek masuk gedung walet adalah dengan menambahkan pecahan kaca di seluruh lubang keluar-masuk burung walet sehingga hama-hama tersebut tidak bisa masuk64. Kelelawar dan burung hantu di dalam gedung walet sangat mengganggu kenyamanan burung walet sehingga menyebabkan walet menjadi takut dan kemudian pergi dari gedung itu. Contoh kasus seperti ini pernah terjadi pada seorang ibu Yanti pemilik gedung sarang walet yang besar dan penuh dengan burung walet dan seriti di Wlinggi yang gedungnya menjadi kosong karena burung-burungnya terbang ketakutan ketika burung hantu memasuki gedung tersebut65. Akibat kejadian ini, ibu Yanti tersebut harus memulai lagi dari nol.
62 Arie Liliyah Rahman dan M. Topan Nixon,Budi Daya Walet, 2007, p.78 63 Ibid, p. 80. 64 Ibid 65 Wawancara dengan Ibu Yanti di Wlinggi pada 11/4/08.
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Metode yang sangat efektif untuk menghentikan hama masuk gedung walet adalah dengan membuat kolam di seluruh fundamen. Serangga-serangga, tokek dan tikus tidak suka masuk air sehingga kolam di seluruh gedung akan menghalangi hama tersebut untuk memasuki gedung66. Hama walet adalah faktor yang sangat penting dalam budidaya sarang burung walet dan para pemilik gedung walet harus mengetahui cara-cara mengendalikan hama walet tersebut. Dalam melakukan budidaya sarang burung walet dan membangun gedung sarang burung walet yang berhasil harus mengikuti semua metode yang telah dijelaskan diatas, yaitu desain gedung walet yang meliputi ketinggian dinding, suhu dan kelembaban didalam gedung, serta bagaimana membuat sirip di atap gedung sehingga burung walet bisa bersarang. Metode lain yaitu dengan memancing burung walet dan seriti agar burung-burung tertarik untuk bersarang didalam gedung sehingga bisa panen lebih cepat dan gedung sarang walet bisa berhasil. Disamping itu, dapat juga dengan metode menukar telur burung walet dengan telur burung seriti supaya menambah jumlah populasi burung walet karena sarang burung walet jauh lebih mahal daripada sarang burung seriti. Jika hanya menerapkan satu metode saja kemungkinan gedung tersebut tidak akan berhasil. Oleh karena itu, ada beberapa gedung burung walet yang lebih berhasil daripada gedung walet yang lain. Dalam bab tiga akan dibahas tentang pemilik gedung burung walet, dua golongan pemilik gedung burung walet serta keunggulan dan kelemahan yang dimiliki tiap-tiap golongan atas golongan yang lain sehingga mempunyai gedung burung walet yang berhasil. .
66 Wawancara dengan Pak Nick, di Jakarta, 22 maret 2008
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Bab III: Golongan pemilik gedung walet
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3.1 Golongan pemilik gedung walet Menurut pendapat peneliti, dalam budidaya sarang burung walet ada tiga golongan pemilik gedung burung walet, yaitu golongan atas, golongan menengah dan golongan karyawan. Pemilik gedung walet dari golongan karyawan bekerja sebagai petani di desa atau pekerjaan lain yang gajinya tidak tinggi dan membangun gedung walet di setiap wilayah dimana mereka tinggal. Namun dimikian, gedung walet milik golongan karyawan lebih kecil dan tidak secanggih gedung walet golongan atas dan menengah, karena mereka tidak mempunyai banyak uang. Di samping itu, golongan karyawan ingin membudidayakan sarang burung walet karena sarangnya sangat berharga, tetapi mereka juga senang membudidayakan sarang burung seriti karena sarang burung seriti masih bisa dijual. 3.2 Golongan Atas Pemilik gedung burung walet dari golongan menengah juga membangun gedungnya di wilayah dimana mereka tinggal, tetapi golongan menengah lebih kaya daripada golongan karyawan, sehingga gedungnya lebih besar dan teknologinya lebih maju. Pemilik golongan menengah biasanya bekerja sebagai pemilik rumah makan atau pemilik toko yang cukup besar dan membangun gedung walet mereka di atas atau di samping toko atau rumah mereka. Golongan menengah ingin menghasilkan sarang burung walet jadi biasanya mereka menukar telur burung walet dengan telur burung seriti, tetapi golongan tersebut masih senang membudidayakan burung walet dan burung seriti, karena mereka bisa menjual sarang keduanya.
Pemilik gedung walet dari golongan atas adalah orang yang sangat kaya, oleh karena itu, golongan atas mempunyai beberapa keunggulan diatas golongan menengah dan golongan karyawan untuk menjadi usahawan yang berhasil dalam budidaya sarang burung walet. Pemilik gedung walet dari golongan atas, tinggal di kota besar dan membuat gedung walet untuk investasi di luar kota. Oleh karena itu, golongan atas bisa memilih lokasi yang paling cocok untuk budidaya sarang burung walet dan memindahkan teknologi dan pengetahuan tentang industri tersebut kemana pun mereka
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membangun gedung. Pemilik gedung walet tersebut membangun gedung walet untuk investasi sehingga mereka hanya ingin menghasilkan sarang burung walet. Kemungkinan golongan atas juga menjual sarang burung seriti, tetapi mereka mengerti bahwa sarang burung walet jauh lebih mahal daripada sarang burung seriti. Karena itu, golongan atas akan menunggu lama, sambil menukar telur burung walet dengan telur burung seriti, sampai gedungnya penuh dengan sarang burung walet. Keunggulan golongan atas daripada golongan lain adalah memiliki teknologi yang mahal dan lokasi yang paling cocok untuk budidaya sarang burung walet. Tetapi, golongan menengah dan golongan karyawan juga memiliki keunggulan, karena gedung walet mereka terletak di wilayah dimana mereka tinggal, sehingga gedung tersebut lebih aman dari gangguan pencuri dan mereka bisa bekerja di gedungnya sendiri sehingga mereka tidak perlu membayar karyawan.
Contoh pemilik gedung sarang burung walet dari golongan atas dan golongan karyawan ada di pantai Priggi di Jawa Timur. Di pantai Priggi ada dua gedung walet yang sangat besar, dan di dekat gedung-gedung itu ada dua gedung lagi yang lebih kecil dan hanya berisi dengan burung seriti. Gedung burung walet yang besar dimiliki oleh orang dari Semarang dan menurut Iqnatius Mulyono yang bekerja sebagai penjaga di gedung tersebut sampai tahun 2005, gedung ini dibuat pada tahun 1995 untuk hotel, tetapi karena tidak ada banyak tamu, hotel tersebut ditutup pada tahun 200067. Hotel ini masih tutup sampai tahun 2004 hingga kemudian ada orang dari Semarang yang sedang berlibur disana memperhatikan bahwa ada beberapa burung seriti hidup didalam hotelnya dan sudah bersarang di atap. Setelah itu dia membeli hotel tersebut dan menjadikan gedung itu sebagai gedung sarang burung walet dan burung seriti. Kemudian, dia membangun satu gedung burung lagi di sebelah hotel68. Gedung-gedung ini besar sekali sekitar 46 meter kali 16 meter dengan ketinggian 15 meter dan terdiri dari tiga lantai sehingga biaya pembangunannya mahal sekali. Gedung yang baru sudah dipersiapkan selama satu tahun tetapi tidak ada banyak burung yang singgah, Iqnatius berkata bahwa dia sudah mencoba
67 Wawancara dengan Pak Iqnatius, di pantai Priggi, 9 maret 2008. 68 Ibid
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memancing burung dengan menggunakan daun pinus dan tweeter sistem, tetapi hanya sedikit burung yang tinggal69. Dia juga pernah menggunakan aroma walet di dinding gedung baru agar bau semen cepat hilang. Iqnatius berpikir bahwa tahun depan, gedungnya tentu akan berisi burung tetapi karena gedungnya masih baru maka masih harus menunggu lagi. Meskipun demikian, gedung hotel lama yang dijadikan gedung sarang burung mempunyai kira-kira 300 sarang burung tetapi sebagian besar sarangnya adalah sarang burung seriti yang tidak berharga. Menurut pendapat Iqnatius, 90% burung disana adalah burung seriti dan 10% adalah burung walet, sehingga kira-kira ada 30 sarang burung walet didalam gedung tersebut. Burung walet ini bukan burung liar, burung walet ini berasal dari telur yang dibeli di Semarang kemudian telurnya ditukar dengan telur burung seriti. Di samping itu, sarang di dalam gedung walet ini belum bisa dipanen karena burung waletnya masih sedikit dan harga sarang seriti sangat murah, sehingga mereka tidak mau burung menjadi stres karena sarangnya dipanen. Iqnatius berkata bahwa karena pemilik gedung yang tinggal di Semarang adalah orang yang sudah kaya, dia akan menunggu panen sampai ada sekitar seratus lima puluh sarang burung walet atau lebih di dalam gedung70. Tujuan pemilik gedung tersebut adalah agar gedungnya hanya penuh dengan sarang burung walet. Gedung sarang burung walet tersebut dibuat untuk investasi dan pemiliknya sudah tahu bahwa kemungkinan harus menunggu lama sampai bisa panen. Iqnatius berpikir bahwa sesudah gedung tersebut penuh dengan sarang burung walet, satu gedung akan menghasilkan kira-kira 4-6 kilo sarang walet per bulan, yaitu sekitar 50 juta rupiah atau lebih per bulan tergantung kualitasnya. 3.3 Golongan Karyawan
Sekitar seratus meter dari gedung walet besar di pantai Priggi ada Ibu Kay dan menantu laki-lakinya, Suparti, yang bekerja sebagai petani jagung dan tinggal bertetangga satu sama lain. Mereka sudah membangun gedung-gedung sarang burung seriti di atas garasi rumah-rumah mereka, tetapi gedungnya belum ditinggali burung walet karena mereka tidak pandai dalam budidaya sarang burung
69 Wawancara dengan Pak Iqnatius, di pantai Priggi, 9 maret 2008. 70 Ibid
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walet. Kay membangun gedungnya tidak lama setelah gedung hotel lama diubah menjadi gedung sarang burung walet, karena Kay melihat bahwa orang kaya berpikir bahwa sarang burungnya berharga sehingga dia ikut serta membudidayakan sarang burung tetapi pengetahuannya tentang industri tersebut masih sedikit71. Gedung sarang burung seriti milik Kay terletak di atas garasi rumahnya dan memiliki dua lantai seluas 4 m x 4 m dan ketinggian 3 meter sehingga gedungnya relatif kecil dibandingkan dengan gedung yang biasa. Kay menggunakan daun pinus untuk memancing burung tetapi dia tidak mempunyai tweeter sistem karena “tweeter sistem terlalu mahal dan dia tidak tahu harus beli dimana”72. Kay berkata bahwa tentu saja dia ingin burung walet masuk ke gedungnya karena sarangnya lebih mahal tetapi burungnya belum masuk dan dia tidak tahu dimana bisa membeli telur walet untuk ditukar telurnya dengan telur seriti73. Bagaimana pun, Kay senang sekali dengan gedung sarang seritinya, karena gedungnya sudah berisi beberapa burung seriti sehingga dia bisa memanen sekitar 3 kilogram sarang setiap empat bulan. 1 kilo sarang burung seriti berharga kira-kira 1.2 juta rupiah, oleh karena itu, penghasilan Kay kurang lebih 3.6 juta rupiah setiap 4 bulan sehingga Kay merasa senang sekali dengan hasil usahanya. Di samping itu, karena gedung milik Kay berada di atas garasi rumahnya, Kay tidak harus mempekerjakan orang lain untuk bekerja di gedungnya. Kay memanen sendiri sarang dalam gedungnya dan karena dia penduduk asli kampung tersebut dan sudah kenal dengan semua orang disana, gedungnya aman dari pencuri74.
Karena Kay mendapat uang dari gedung sarang burung seriti, menantu laki-lakinya yang bernama Suparti membangun gedung sarang burung di rumahnya yang bertetangga dengan rumah Kay. Tetapi sesudah satu tahun gedung tersebut hanya berisi sedikit burung seriti dan tidak ada burung walet. Suparti bekerja sebagi petani dan biaya membangun gedung burung sangat mahal baginya, sehingga dia merasa sangat khawatir dan ingin panen secepat mungkin jadi dia bisa mendapat uang75.
71 Wawancara dengan Ibu Kay, di pantai Priggi, 9 maret 2008. 72 Ibid 73 Wawancara dengan Ibu Kay, di pantai Priggi, 9 maret 2008. 74 Ibid 75 Wawancara dengan Pak Suparti, di pantai Priggi, 9 maret 2008.
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Gedung sarang burung walet dan seriti di pantai Priggi, Jawa Timur adalah contoh yang baik untuk pemilik gedung dari golongan atas dan golongan karyawan. Kedua golongan mempunyai metode yang berbeda, misalnya pemilik gedung dari golongan atas mempunyai lebih banyak teknologi seperti tweeter sistem, menukar telur burung walet dengan telur seriti, menggunakan aroma walet dan membangun gedung-gedung yang sangat besar agar bisa menghasilkan lebih banyak sarang burung walet walaupun harus menunggu selama beberapa tahun sampai bisa memanen, karena tujuan utamanya adalah agar gedungnya hanya dipenuhi dengan sarang burung walet. Sementara itu, golongan pemilik karyawan seperti Kay dan Suparti tidak menggunakan teknologi lanjutan. Mereka mempunyai pekerjaan dengan penghasilan yang tidak besar, sehingga mereka tidak mempunyai cukup uang untuk membangun gedung burung yang sangat besar dan mereka juga tidak bisa melakukan perjalanan yang terlalu jauh dari kampung mereka untuk belajar tentang budidaya burung walet dari pemilik gedung burung walet yang lain. Karena mereka bukan orang kaya dan tidak sering bepergian, mereka kesulitan untuk membeli teknologi seperti tweeter sistem atau telur burung walet untuk ditukar dengan telur burung seriti. Namun demikian, Kay masih mendapat uang dari hasil panen gedungnya dan penghasilan itu bisa mencukupinya, sehingga Kay merasa senang. 3.4 Golongan Menengah Pemilik gedung walet dalam golongan menengah memiliki beberapa kesamaan dengan golongan atas dan golongan karyawan, tetapi, golongan menengah juga memiliki beberapa perbedaan dengan golongan-golongan yang lain.
Di kota Wlingi ada beberapa pemilik gedung burung walet dan seriti yang berada dalam golongan menengah. Salah satunya adalah Wedar yang membangun gedung walet lima belas tahun yang lalu di jalan Diani di kota Wlingi di samping bengkel mobil miliknya. Bengkel mobilnya cukup besar sehingga penghasilannya dari bisnis tersebut cukup untuk membangun gedung yang besar berlantai dua. Desain gedung walet dan pengetahuan Wedar tentang budidaya sarang burung walet
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cukup maju, misalnya ada kolam di dalam gedungnya, beberapa lubang ventilasi, lokasi gedungnya dekat sungai dan dia selalu mengecek agar suhu dan kelembabannya pas76. Dulu Wedar menggunakan tweeter sistem untuk memancing burung, tetapi dia berkata bahwa gedungnya sudah ditinggali banyak burung, namun, sebagian besar burungnya adalah burung seriti. Wedar menyatakan burung walet yang berada dalam gedungnya adalah hasil dari menukar telur burung walet dengan telur burung seriti, tetapi sekarang dia terlalu sibuk untuk menukar telur lagi, tetapi mungkin dia akan mencoba menukar telurnya lagi tahun depan77. Wedar adalah pemilik gedung sarang burung walet dan burung seriti dalam golongan menengah, karena dia mempunyai pekerjaan dengan penghasilan cukup besar sehingga dia bisa membangun gedung walet yang cukup besar di wilayah dimana dia tinggal. Di samping itu, Wedar pandai mendesain gedung serta menggunakan metode memancing burung walet, dan dia juga menghasilkan sarang burung walet dan sarang burung seriti. Karena Wedar membuat gedung walet di wilayah tempat tinggalnya dan dia masih senang menghasilkan sarang burung seriti, ini berarti dia tidak masuk dalam golongan atas. Tetapi karena dia membangun gedung yang besar dan menggunakan teknologi seperti tweeter sistem, menukar telur dan menggunakan termometer untuk mengecek suhu dan kelembaban di dalam gedungnya, hal ini berarti dia tidak masuk dalam golongan karyawan. Karena itu, Wedar bisa digolongkan sebagai pemilik gedung sarang burung walet dalam golongan menengah.
Contoh pemilik gedung dalam golongan karyawan yang dibantu oleh golongan menengah adalah Ansari dari Wlinggi , kabupaten Blitar yang sejak enam tahun yang lalu mulai mencari burung seriti yang bersarang di gudangnya78. Dulu Ansari bekerja sebagai petani sehingga dia tidak mempunyai cukup uang untuk membangun gedung sarang burung walet yang besar dan dia juga tidak pandai dalam industri budidaya sarang burung walet. Kalau Ansari ingin membangun gedung walet, gedungnya akan kecil dan tidak memiliki teknologi lanjutan. Dengan demikian Ansari akan menjadi
76 Wawancara dengan Pak Wedar, di Wlingi, 11 April 2008. 77 Wawancara dengan Pak Wedar, di Wlingi, 11 April 2008. 78 Wawancara dengan Pak Ansari, di Wlingi, 10 April 2008
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pemilik gedung sarang burung walet dalam golongan karyawan. Oleh karena itu, Ansari berbicara dengan temannya dari Blitar yang mempunyai cukup uang dan pengetahuan tentang budidaya sarang burung walet serta ingin berinvestasi dalam industri tersebut. Teman Ansari tersebut mengetahui desain gedung walet yang tepat guna dan metode untuk memancing burung walet dan seriti, serta dimana bisa membeli telur burung walet agar bisa ditukar dengan telur burung seriti. Kemudian mereka menjadi mitra bisnis dan membagi keuntungan menjadi dua bagian (50%). Teman Ansari menanam modal dengan membangun gedung dan mengaplikasikan pengetahuannya tentang budidaya sarang burung walet, sedangkan Ansari menyediakan lahan gedung disamping gudangnya yang sudah menjadi tempat bersarang burung seriti sehingga burungnya bisa pindah ke gedung baru. Ansari bertugas menjadi penjaga gedung dan karyawan disana, sedangkan temannya tidak harus bekerja di gedung itu dan dia memperoleh uang bagiannya setelah panen79. Gedungnya kini sudah berhasil dan berisi burung seriti dan burung walet, tetapi sebagian besar adalah burung seriti. Ansari senang sekali karena dia tidak perlu bekerja di kebun terus-menerus, sebab penghasilan dari gedung sarang walet dan seriti cukup besar sehingga kehidupannya “seperti pensiunan”80. Contoh kasus ini berbeda dari contoh sebelumnya, karena Ansari berasal dari golongan karyawan tetapi karena dia dibantu oleh temannya, Ansari masuk dalam golongan menengah. Namun temannya adalah pemilik gedung walet golongan atas, karena dia tidak tinggal dan bekerja di gedungnya, dia hanya membuat investasi atas gedung burung walet tersebut. Dengan demikian, dia adalah pemilik sarang burung walet dalam golongan atas. Contoh diatas adalah contoh yang baik dimana bantuan investasi dan pengetahuan kepada golongan karyawan bisa membantu mereka agar berhasil dalam budidaya sarang burung walet dan burung seriti sehingga bisa menghasilkan lebih banyak uang.
Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa dalam budidaya sarang burung walet ada tiga golongan pemilik gedung walet. Golongan karyawan yang mempunyai gedung kecil dan teknologi
79 Wawancara dengan Pak Ansari, di Wlingi, 10 April 2008 80 Ibid
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yang kurang maju karena mereka tidak memiliki cukup modal. Selain itu golongan ini juga membangun gedungnya di wilayah dimana mereka tinggal dan senang menghasilkan sarang burung seriti karena sarangnya memberikan penghasilan yang cukup bagi mereka. Pemilik dari golongan menengah juga membangun gedung walet di wilayah tempat tinggal mereka dan juga senang menghasilkan sarang burung seriti, tetapi golongan menengah membangun gedung lebih besar daripada golongan karyawan dan mempunyai pengetahuan dan teknologi yang lebih maju seperti tweeter sistem dan desain gedung. Sedangkan golongan atas juga mempunyai pengetahuan dan teknologi yang maju, mungkin lebih maju daripada golongan menengah, tetapi golongan atas tinggal di kota besar dan membangun gedung walet di daerah manapun yang paling cocok untuk budidaya sarang walet. Di samping itu, tujuan golongan atas adalah menghasilkan sarang burung walet saja, bukan sarang burung seriti. Sehingga mereka sering menukar telur burung seriti dengan telur burung walet dan menunggu lama sampai panen, karena mereka menginginkan sarang burung seriti untuk ditukar telurnya. Selain itu yang membedakan diantara golongan-golongan pemilik gedung walet tersebut adalah bahwa sebelum membangun gedung walet, pemiliknya harus membayar surat ijin mendirikan bangunan atau I.M.B. Surat ini bisa dibeli di kantor dinas perdagangan, tetapi, karena golongan karyawan hanya membangun gedung kecil, mereka biasanya jarang mengurus surat ijin ini. Bab empat akan membahas tentang peranan pemerintah kabupaten Blitar dalam budidaya sarang burung walet dan pendapat pemilik gedung walet dari semua golongan tentang peranan pihak kabupaten dalam budidaya sarang burung walet.
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Bab IV: Peranan pemerintah Kabupaten Blitar
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4.1 Peranan pemerintah Kabupaten Blitar
Orang-orang yang ingin membangun gedung sarang burung walet di kabupaten Blitar, Jawa Timur, harus membayar surat ijin mendirikan bangunan (I.M.B) dari dinas perdagangan81. Di samping itu, setiap panen sarang, pemilik gedung walet harus membayar retribusi sebesar 3% dari panen tersebut ke kabupaten82. Namun, orang-orang yang membangun gedung sarang walet di desa kecil jarang membayar I.M.B dan pemilik gedung sarang walet dari semua golongan jarang membayar retribusi83. Dalam bab ini akan dibahas tentang peranan pemerintah kabupaten Blitar dalam budidaya sarang burung walet di daerah Blitar dan tentang sikap pemilik gedung walet mengenai peranan pihak kabupaten dalam industri ini. Walaupun kabupaten Blitar pernah mencoba berperan aktif dalam industri ini, misalnya dengan membuat buku, dan mengadakan seminar tentang bagaimana budidaya sarang burung walet, namun secara keseluruhan pemerintah kabupaten Blitar tidak memainkan peranan besar dalam industri ini. Peran pemerintah kabupaten Blitar dihalangi oleh para pemilik gedung burung walet yang sudah berhasil, karena mereka tidak ingin pihak kabupaten terlibat dalam industri ini, sebab pemilik gedung walet khawatir jika mereka harus membayar lebih banyak uang pada pihak kabupaten. Sebagian besar pemilik gedung walet selalu berkata kepada pihak kabupaten bahwa gedung walet mereka belum berisi sarang burung walet dan belum panen sehingga mereka tidak harus membayar retribusi. Tetapi tidak semua pemilik gedung walet tidak ingin kabupaten ikut berperan dalam industri ini, misalnya orang-orang yang sudah membayar sejumlah uang setiap tahun kepada kabupaten84atau orang yang gedung waletnya belum berhasil, jadi mereka ingin mendapat bantuan dari pihak kabupaten85. Namun sebagian besar pemilik tidak ingin dibantu oleh kabupaten dan pemilik gedung walet ini tidak bersedia membantu kabupaten dengan memberikan data jumlah kilogram sarang yang
81 Wawancara dengan Pak Dhiang Sumani, di Dinas Perdagangan Blitar, 12 Maret 2008. 82 Wawancara dengan Pak Jekky, di Dinas Kehutanan dan Perkebunan Blitar, 12 Maret 2008. 83 Wawancara dengan Pak Dhiang Sumani, 12 Maret 2008. 84 Walaupun, jauh dari 3% per panen 85 Tetapi kalau mereka menjadi berhasil kemungkinan mereka tidak akan berpendapat demikian terhadap pihak kabupaten
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mereka hasilkan, sehingga pihak kabupaten tidak bisa membuat data tentang jumlah total sarang yang dihasilkan di Blitar. 4.2 Dinas kehutanan
Jekky dari Dinas Kehutanan Blitar mengatakan bahwa Dinas Kehutanan bisa memberikan sosialisasi-sosialisasi kepada pemilik gedung sarang burung walet tentang industri ini86. Tetapi untuk membangun gedung sarang burung walet, orang-orang harus membangunnya sendiri, dan ketika gedung tersebut telah menghasilkan sarang burung walet baru dikenakan retribusi sesuai dengan Peraturan Daerah No. 27 tahun 2000, dan biaya retribusinya sebesar 3% dari jumlah harga sarang yang dihasilkan setiap panen87. Di setiap kecamatan ada Petugas Kehutanan Lapangan (P.K.L) yang bertugas menarik retribusi tersebut88. Dengan demikian, jika pemilik gedung walet harus membayar retribusi kepada kabupaten, maka kabupaten diharapkan juga memberikan bantuan kepada para pemilik gedung walet.
Pada tahun 2001, Dinas Kehutanan dan Perkebunan di kabupaten Blitar menerbitkan buku berjudul Pedoman Budidaya Walet. Tujuan buku tersebut untuk membantu orang-orang di kabupaten Blitar yang ingin membangun gedung burung walet89. Di samping itu, Dinas Kehutanan di Blitar percaya bahwa jika orang-orang di desa memasuki industi seperti budidaya sarang burung walet, maka hal ini juga bisa membantu program rehabilitasi hutan90. Dalam buku tersebut dinyatakan bahwa:
“salah satu titik lemah dari pelaksanaan kegiatan rehabilitasi hutan adalah belum berkembangnya kelembagaan masyarakat serta tingkat kemampuan dan persepsi masyarakat
86 Wawancara dengan Pak Jecky, di Dinas Kehutanan dan Perkebunan Blitar, 11 April 2008. 87 Ibid 88 Ibid 89 Wawancara dengan Pak Jekky, 12 Maret 2008. 90 Dinas Kehutanan dan Perkebunan kabupaten Blitar, Pedoman Budidaya Walet, 2001, p. 1.
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yang sangat beragam dalam melaksanakan dan memahami rehabilitasi hutan dan lahan. Memasyarakatkan usaha sarang burung walet akan membantu sekali dalam upaya meningkatkan pendapatan masyarakat. Tetapi dikhawatirkan mengganggu kelestarian burung walet tersebut apabila cara penanganan dan pemanenannya tidak mempergunakan teknik yang tepat. Oleh karena itu, perlu disebarluaskan tentang cara-cara budidaya burung walet yang baik dari segi teknis. Penyusunan buku budidaya sarang burung walet disamping sebagai pegangan bagi kegiatan penyuluhan dinas kehutanan dan perkebunan kabupaten Blitar, juga untuk memperkenalkan kepada masyarakat luas tentang cara-cara budidaya burung walet dengan harapan dapat meningkatkan pendapatan masyarakat tanpa menganggu kelestarian burung walet tersebut”91. Buku ini ditulis pada bulan Juni tahun 2001 oleh Dinas Kehutanan dan Perkebunan. Tulisan ini menunjukkan bahwa pada tahun 2001, kabupaten Blitar tertarik dengan industri ini, serta ingin mensosialisasikan kepada masyarakat tentang budidaya sarang burung walet. Namun, buku ini hanya dicetak dalam jumlah sedikit karena, menurut pendapat Jekky, kabupaten tidak memiliki dana yang mencukupi.
Selain mencetak buku tersebut, pada tahun 2002 kabupaten Blitar juga mengadakan seminar tentang budidaya sarang burung walet di kota Blitar agar pemilik gedung burung walet bisa bertukar ide-ide tentang industri ini dan berbagi ilmu kepada orang-orang yang ingin memasuki industri tersebut92. Tetapi menurut pendapat Jekky, seminar ini tidak berhasil karena hanya sedikit tamu yang datang ke seminar tersebut dan mereka kebanyakan berasal dari kota Blitar bukan dari luar kota93. Jekky mengatakan bahwa sulit sekali bagi kabupaten untuk mengadakan seminar ini di luar kota karena
91 Dinas Kehutanan dan Perkebunan kabupaten Blitar, Pedoman Budidaya Walet, 2001, pp. 1,2. 92 Wawancara dengan Pak Jekky, 12 Maret 2008. 93Ibid
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mereka tidak memiliki dana besar, tetapi kabupaten bisa mengirim surat-surat kepada masing-masing kepala desa di seluruh Blitar94.
Jekky mengatakan bahwa sebagian besar petani yang tinggal di desa tidak ingin berkecimpung dalam budidaya sarang burung walet karena untuk membangun gedung walet sangat mahal dan harus menunggu lama sekali sampai bisa mendapatkan uang dari sarangnya, sehingga petani lebih suka beternak ayam atau sapi. Oleh karena itu, kabupaten lebih berfokus pada industri peternakan ayam dan sapi karena lebih banyak masyarakat yang bekerja di bidang ini95. Buku yang ditulis oleh pemerintah kabupaten Blitar dan seminar tentang budidaya sarang burung walet, memperlihatkan bahwa pihak kabupaten terarik dengan industri ini. Tetapi, pemilik gedung burung walet masih banyak yang berpendapat bahwa tidak ada orang di kabupaten yang bisa membantu mereka dalam industri ini. Karena itu, kabupaten Blitar masih belum terorganisasi dalam budidaya sarang burung walet. 4.3 Dinas Perdagangan.
Pemerintah kabupaten Blitar tidak ahli dalam industri budidaya sarang burung walet. Misalnya, sebelum membangun gedung burung walet, pemilik harus membayar surat I.M.B kepada dinas perdagangan, tetapi dinas tersebut tidak tahu jumlah gedung burung walet disana96. Selain itu, Dhiang Sumani dari Dinas Perdagangan mengatakan bahwa harga sarang burung walet adalah sekitar 21 juta rupiah per kilo dan 2 juta per kilo untuk sarang burung seriti, tetapi angka ini tidak tepat97. Di kabupaten Blitar ada banyak gedung sarang burung yang berisi burung walet, tetapi orang-orang dari dinas perdagangan, dinas lingkungan hidup, dinas kehutanan dan perkebunan mengatakan bahwa tidak ada burung walet di Blitar. Kemungkinan ini karena pemilik gedung walet tidak ingin mengakui bahwa
94 Wawancara dengan Pak Jekky, 12 Maret 2008. 95 Ibid 96 Wawancara dengan Pak Dhiang Sumani, di Dinas Perdaganan Blitar, 12 Maret 2008. 97 Ibid
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mereka mempunyai burung walet karena mereka khawatir jika mereka harus membayar pajak kepada kabupaten. 4.4 Sikap pemilik gedung walet mengenai peranan pihak kabupaten Blitar
Tekno adalah pemilik gedung burung walet dalam golongan atas, karena dia mempunyai tiga gedung sarang burung walet yang besar di Wlinggi tetapi dia tinggal di Malang. Gedung walet yang dimiliki Tekno berisi burung walet dan burung seriti. Tekno pandai sekali dalam budidaya sarang burung walet karena dia mulai masuk ke dalam industri ini sejak tahun 1988 ketika teman ayahnya mengunjungi toko emas milik Tekno di Wlinggi kemudian teman ayahnya itu melihat bahwa gedung disana ditinggali sarang burung seriti dan mengatakan bahwa sarang tersebut berharga98. Setelah itu, Tekno membangun satu gedung burung walet dengan bantuan dari teman ayahnya itu tentang desain gedung dan bagaimana cara memancing burung, termasuk dengan menukar telur burung walet dengan telur burung seriti. Hingga tahun 1992 gedung walet Tekno sudah penuh dengan burung seriti dan burung walet, oleh karena itu, dia membangun dua gedung lagi yang juga berhasil sampai tahun 199699.
Tekno mengatakan bahwa pemerintah kabupaten Blitar tidak pernah membantunya dalam budidaya sarang burung walet karena pihak kabupaten sangat malas dan kurang bekerja sama100. Menurut pendapat Tekno, dia harus membayar dua macam pajak dalam budidaya sarang burung walet, yaitu pajak membangun gedung burung walet dan pajak panen101. Pajak membangun gedung adalah pajak yang harus dia bayar pada saat dia membeli surat I.M.B dari dinas perdagangan. Pajak panen adalah pajak retribusi ke kabupaten, tetapi Tekno mengatakan bahwa karena jumlah kilogram sarang yang dihasilkan dari gedungnya tidak tetap per panen, dia tidak membayar persentase panen102. Tetapi Tekno membayar retribusi sekali setahun kepada kabupaten Blitar sejumlah 200,000 rupiah103. Jumlah
98 Wawancara dengan Pak Tekno, di Wlingi, 11 April 2008. 99 Wawancara dengan Pak Tekno, di Wlingi, 11 April 2008. 100 Ibid 101 Ibid 102 Ibid 103 Wawancara dengan Pak Tekno, di Wlingi, 11 April 2008.
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ini sangat kecil bagi pemilik gedung walet yang mempunyai tiga gedung walet yang sangat berhasil. Oleh karena itu, pembayaran ini adalah pembayaran suap dan kemungkinan uangnya langsung masuk ke saku orang kabupaten. Karena Tekno memberi uang retribusi dalam jumlah yang sangat kecil kepada kabupaten, dia tidak peduli jika kabupaten berperan lebih besar dalam budidaya sarang burung walet. Tekno mengatakan bahwa biasanya pemilik gedung walet berbohong kepada pihak kabupaten bahwa gedung mereka belum berisi dengan burung walet serta mereka masih menunggu panen sampai ada burung walet, agar pemiliknya tidak harus membayar retribusi104. Tetapi, gedung walet Tekno sudah lama dan dia berasal dari kota Malang bukan Wlinggi jadi dia tidak peduli jika dia harus membayar retribusi tersebut karena biayanya sangat kecil. Tekno yang merupakan pemilik gedung walet dari golongan atas, tidak peduli kalau kabupaten memainkan peranan lebih besar dalam budidaya sarang burung walet karena dia sudah ahli tentang bagaimana cara agar bisa berhasil dalam industri ini. Namun demikian ada juga pemilik gedung walet dari golongan karyawan dan menengah yang ingin dibantu oleh pihak kabupaten karena gedung walet mereka belum berhasil.
Rosi adalah pemilik gedung walet dari golongan karyawan di Wlinggi. Dia membangun gedung walet diatas tempat penitipan motornya di samping stasiun kereta api di Wlinggi dan hanya mempunyai sekitar tiga puluhan sarang seriti dan tiga sarang walet105. Gedung walet Rosi kecil dan dia tidak tahu tentang tweeter sistem, sehingga dia hanya menggunakan daun pinus untuk memancing burung. Rosi mengatakan bahwa tidak ada orang di kabupaten yang membantunya dalam budidaya sarang burung walet sehingga anaknya bertanya kepada teman-temannya di Wlinggi yang sudah tahu tentang budidaya sarang burung walet106. Jika Rosi tidak tinggal di tempatnya yang telah mempunyai banyak gedung burung walet, tentu jauh lebih sulit mencari infomasi tentang bagaimana cara memasuki industri tersebut. Namun, Rosi ingin pihak kabupaten membantu dia dalam desain gedung walet dan
104 Wawancara dengan Pak Tekno, di Wlingi, 11 April 2008. 105 Wawancara dengan Ibu Rosi, di Wlingi, 11 april 2008. 106 Ibid
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bagaimana cara agar bisa menjadi pemilik gedung walet yang berhasil karena dia pemain baru dalam industi ini107.
Losmanto adalah pemilik gedung burung walet dari golongan menengah. Losmanto bekerja sebagai polisi di Wlinggi dan membangun gedung burung walet lima tahun yang lalu108. Gedung dia cukup besar dengan dua lantai dan dia menggunakan tweeter sistem dan daun pinus untuk memancing burung. Losmanto juga mengatakan bahwa tidak ada orang di kabupaten yang bisa membantunya dalam budidaya sarang burung walet, sehingga dia mencari teman sendiri yang sudah pandai dalam industri ini untuk membantu membangun gedung dan memancing burung109. Tetapi, dua tahun yang lalu, lima puluh persen burung di gedungnya hilang dan setelah itu gedungnya hanya diisi sejumlah kecil burung. Losmanto tidak tahu mengapa burungnya hilang dan mengapa gedungnya tidak ditinggali burung lagi. Oleh karena itu, Losmanto berpikir bahwa jika pemerintah kabupaten memainkan peranan yang lebih besar dalam budidaya sarang burung walet maka akan memberikan kemudahan dan bisa membantu orang-orang seperti dia110. Tekno, Rosi dan Losmanto adalah pemilik gedung burung walet dari semua bagian golongan yang menginginkan ataupun tidak peduli jika pemerintah kabupaten Blitar memainkan peran lebih besar dalam budidaya sarang burung walet. Tekno tidak mencemaskan tentang pembayaran retribusi kepada kabupaten karena dia sudah kaya dan 200,000 rupiah per tahun adalah jumlah yang sangat kecil baginya. Sementara itu, Rosi dan Losmanto ingin dibantu oleh pihak kabupaten karena gedung burung walet mereka belum berhasil. Tetapi, kemungkinan kalau gedung walet mereka sudah berhasil, mereka tidak ingin kabupaten memainkan peran dalam industri tersebut kerena mereka harus membayar retribusi.
107 Wawancara dengan Ibu Rosi, di Wlingi, 11 april 2008. 108 Wawancara dengan Pak Losmanto, di Wlingi, 11 April 2008. 109 Ibid 110 Ibid
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Namun demikian, ada beberapa pemilik gedung burung walet yang tidak ingin kabupaten memainkan peran yang lebih besar dalam budidaya sarang burung walet karena mereka khawatir jika mereka harus membayar pajak lebih banyak. Pemilik gedung burung walet tidak mau mengatakan bahwa gedung mereka berisi dengan burung walet tetapi hanya burung seriti dan mereka masih menunggu panen sampai ada lebih banyak sarang burung walet.
Ansari, pemilik gedung burung walet dari Wlinggi yang telah berhasil dengan budidaya sarang burung walet, tidak ingin kabupaten memainkan peran dalam industri ini karena dia tidak mau membayar retribusi111. Ansari sudah membayar pajak saat dia membeli surat I.M.B dari dinas perdagangan, tetapi dia belum membayar retribusi. Ansari berkata bahwa dia tahu dia harus membayar retribusi sekitar 3% kepada kabupaten tetapi belum ada orang dari kabupaten yang mengunjungi gedung waletnya112. Menurut Ansari, dia tentu tidak akan mengatakan pada pihak kabupaten bahwa gedung waletnya sudah berisi burung walet, tetapi jika orang dari kabupaten bertanya, Ansari akan mengatakan bahwa dia belum panen karena masih menunggu sampai gedungnya berisi dengan lebih banyak burung walet113. Walaupun Ansari tidak membayar pajak, setiap kali panen dia mengadakan syukuran dengan memberikan makanan kepada tetangga sekitar rumahnya114.
Eka yang berasal dari desa Tambakrejo, kabupaten Blitar, mempunyai gedung burung walet yang sudah berhasil115. Tambakrejo adalah desa yang kecil dan terletak di bagian kabupaten yang terpencil. Walaupun dia sudah membeli surat I.M.B, Eka tidak pernah membayar retribusi kepada kabupaten116. Gedung burung walet Eka sudah dibangun selama sepuluh tahun dan telah ditinggali burung walet selama lima tahun. Eka membuat sendiri gedung walet ini tanpa bantuan dari kabupaten dan dia menjual sarangnya langsung kepada broker yang datang membeli ke desa itu, sehingga
111 Wawancara dengan Pak Ansari Sofian, di Wlingi, 10 April 2008 112 Ibid 113 Ibid 114 Ibid 115 Wawancara dengan Pak Eka, di Tambakrejo, 9 April 2008. 116 Ibid
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kabupaten tidak perlu membantu Eka karena dia telah berhasil dengan industri ini117. Namun demikian, Eka tidak ingin kabupaten berperan dalam budidaya sarang burung walet karena dia khawatir jika dia harus membayar retribusi118. Sofian dan Eka adalah contoh pemlilik gedung walet yang tidak ingin kabupaten memainkan peran yang lebih besar dalam budidaya sarang burung walet, karena mereka sudah berhasil dengan industri ini. Pemilik gedung walet tersebut mengetahui kabupaten tidak bisa membantu mereka dengan industri ini, tetapi kabupaten akan meminta mereka membayar retribusi. Namun demikian, pemilik yang sudah berhasil dalam budidaya sarang burung walet tidak ingin kabupaten tertarik untuk masuk dalam industri ini, kecuali kalau pemilik adalah orang kaya dan bisa membayar pajak dalam jumlah sedikit seperti Tekno. Bagaimana pun, pemilik yang belum berhasil dalam budidaya sarang burung walet ingin mendapat bantuan dari pemerintah kabupaten karena mereka sudah membayar sejumlah besar uang untuk membangun gedungnya dan memerlukan bantuan dari pihak manapun.
Nick dari Jakarta adalah pemilik gedung burung walet dari golongan atas dan dia mengatakan bahwa dia tentu tidak akan mengakui bahwa gedung burung waletnya berisi dengan sarang burung walet119. Alasannya adalah karena dia takut dengan pencuri dan juga karena dia tidak ingin membayar pajak kepada kabupaten120. Oleh karena itu, bantuan dari kabupaten tidak tergantung dengan kelas golongan, tetapi tergantung apakah gedung burung walet tersebut berhasil atau tidak. Pemilik dari golongan atas mampu membayar pajak karena mereka telah kaya, dan pemilik gedung walet dari golongan yang lain lebih sulit untuk membayar pajak karena mereka tidak terlalu kaya. Pemilik gedung sarang walet dari semua golongan tidak ingin membayar pajak kepada kabupaten jika tidak diharuskan.
Pembahasan dalam bab ini memperlihatkan bahwa, walaupun pihak kabupaten Blitar pernah mencoba memberikan sosialisasi-sosialisasi pada masyarakat di kabupaten Blitar tentang budidaya
117 Wawancara dengan Pak Eka, di Tambakrejo, 9 April 2008. 118 Ibid 119 Wawancara dengan Pak Nick, di Jakarta, 22 maret 2008 120 Ibid
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sarang burung walet seperti membuat buku dan mengorganisasi seminar tentang industri ini. Secara keseluruhan bisa dikatakan bahwa pemerintah kabupaten Blitar tidak mempunyai pengaruh dalam industri ini. Jelas sekali pihak kabupaten tidak memainkan peranan yang besar dalam industri ini karena semua pemilik gedung burung walet menyatakan bahwa pemerintah kabupaten tidak pernah membantu mereka dan tidak ada orang dari kabupaten yang bisa membantu mereka dalam budidaya sarang walet. Di lain pihak, sulit bagi pemerintah kabupaten untuk terlibat dalam industri ini, karena sesudah pemilik gedung walet memanen sarangnya, mereka langsung menjual kepada broker yang datang dari kota besar. Selain itu, pihak kabupaten juga tidak tahu jumlah kilogram sarang yang dihasilkan sehingga mereka tidak mendapat pemasukan retribusi dari pemilik gedung walet dan juga tidak bisa membuat data-data tentang industri ini agar kabupaten bisa memperlihatkan bahwa industri ini menguntungkan. Di samping itu, pemerintah kabupaten juga sulit sekali untuk menutuskan apakah gedung-gedung walet sudah berhasil dan berisi dengan sarang burung walet yang berharga atau berisi sarang burung seriti yang harganya jauh lebih murah. Karena pengusaha tidak ingin membayar pajak atau retribusi jika mereka tidak diwajibkan, maka para pemilik gedung burung walet tidak ingin pemerintah kabupaten memainkan peran dalam industri ini. Tetapi, para pemilik gedung walet yang belum berhasil dan tidak mengetahui mengapa gedung mereka tidak berhasil, ingin mendapat bantuan dari pihak kabupaten. Namun demikian, besar kemungkinan jika pemilik gedung walet tersebut kemudian berhasil, mereka tidak akan mengakui kepada kabupaten bahwa mereka telah berhasil karena mereka khawatir jika harus membayar retribusi.
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Bab V: Penutup
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5.1 Kesimpulan Dalam skripsi ini dijelaskan bahwa dalam budidaya sarang burung walet ada tiga golongan pemilik gedung burung walet, yaitu golongan atas, golongan menengah dan golongan karyawan. Walaupun masing-masing golongan mempunyai metode yang sama seperti menggunakan daun pinus untuk memancing burung dan desain dasar bangunan gedung sarang burung, tetapi masing-masing golongan mempunyai perbedaan dengan golongan yang lain. Pemilik dari golongan atas adalah orang yang telah kaya sebelum mereka masuk industri ini serta mereka tinggal di kota besar dan membangun beberapa gedung luar kota di lokasi yang paling cocok untuk budidaya sarang burung walet. Di samping itu, golongan atas menggunakan teknologi yang sangat maju seperti beberapa macam tweeter sisitem untuk memancing burung. Golongan atas selalu menukar telur burung walet dengan telur burung seriti karena tujuan pemilik gedung tersebut adalah menghasilkan sarang burung walet bukan sarang burung seriti. Jadi pemilik dari golongan atas membangun gedung walet untuk investasi dan bersedia menunggu lama sampai gedung berisi sejumlah besar sarang burung walet.
Pemilik gedung walet dari golongan menengah juga menggunakan teknologi yang maju dan menukar telur burung walet dengan telur burung seriti karena mereka ingin menghasilkan sarang burung walet. Selain itu, pemilik dalam golongan ini juga membangun gedung walet mereka di setiap wilayah dimana mereka tinggal. Biasanya pemilik gedung walet tersebut mempunyai toko atau pekerjaan yang gajinya cukup besar untuk membuat gedung sarang burung walet dengan membangun gedungnya di atas atau disamping rumah atau toko mereka. Dari data-data yang diperoleh para peneliti, para pemilik gedung burung walet dari golongan menengah tidak naik golongan atau menjadi pemilik gedung walet dalam golongan atas. Mungkin alasannya adalah karena industri ini memiliki resiko yang besar dan mudah sekali gedung burung walet yang sudah berhasil tiba-tiba gagal. Disamping itu, untuk membangun gedung sarang walet diperlukan biaya yang sangat besar dan biasanya dibutuhkan waktu
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yang lama sampai gedung berhasil, sehingga pemilik gedung juga harus menunggu lama untuk memperoleh uang dari hasil penjualan sarangnya. Namun demikian, pemilik gedung walet tersebut cukup berhasil dan hidup sukses dari uang yang dihasilkannya setiap panen sarang burung walet setiap empat bulan dan selain itu mereka juga mendapat pemasukan dari pekerjaan rutinnya. Pemilik gedung walet dalam golongan karyawan adalah orang yang tidak kaya dan hanya mempunyai cukup uang untuk membangun gedung sarang burung yang kecil. Karena pemilik tersebut tidak kaya, mereka tidak menggunakan teknologi yang maju dan ingin menghasilkan sarang burung seriti karena sarangnya masih bisa dijual. Biasanya pemilik dalam golongan karyawan tidak banyak mengetahui tentang budidaya sarang burung walet. Tetapi dengan bantuan dari pemerintah kabupaten, pemilik golongan ini bisa menjadi pemilik gedung walet yang berpengetahuan banyak tentang industri ini sehingga bisa naik golongan dan menjadi pemilik gedung walet dalam golongan menengah. Jika pemerintah kabupaten mengajarkan desain gedung walet yang tepat guna dan membuat CD untuk tweeter sistem di dalam gedung walet, maka ini akan membantu para pemilik gedung walet agar bisa lebih berhasil. Di samping itu, pemerintah kabupaten perlu menunjukkan kepada para pemilik gedung walet bahwa jika mereka memerlukan bantuan dari kabupaten, ada pegawai kabupaten yang bisa membantu mereka. Misalnya, setelah pemilik gedung walet membeli surat I.M.B dari dinas perdagangan, pihak dinas bisa memberitahu bahwa ada Bapak Jekky dari Dinas Kehutanan yang bisa membantu jika diperlukan.
Jika pemilik gedung walet membayar retribusi kepada kabupaten, uang ini bisa masuk anggaran belanja kabupaten serta bisa digunakan untuk membayar program sosialisasi-sosialisasi budidaya sarang burung walet. Tetapi yang menjadi masalah adalah sulitnya pemerintah kabupaten membujuk pemilik gedung walet agar mau membayar retribusi tersebut. Pemerintah kabupaten harus membuat peraturan dimana pihak kabupaten berhak masuk gedung burung walet untuk memeriksa jumlah dan jenis sarang burung di dalam gedung sarang burung walet. Sehingga, kabupaten bisa mendapat uang retribusi dan data-data tentang industri ini. Namun demikian, ada beberapa masalah dengan rencana ini,
43
misalnya, korupsi yang dilakukan oleh orang dari kabupaten, pemilik gedung walet yang memanen sarang sebelum pemeriksaan sehingga jumlah sarang yang dihitung dalam gedungnya hanya sedikit, dan biaya inspeksi yang cukup besar untuk mengunjungi gedung-gedung sarang walet di seluruh kabupaten. Di samping itu, tentu sulit sekali membuat pemilik bekerja sama dengan petugas kabupaten dan memberikan ijin atau membuka pintu untuk memasuki gedung sarang walet mereka. Sangat sulit bagi pihak kabupaten untuk membuat pemilik gedung walet membayar retribusi karena sistem yang berlaku saat ini terlalu mudah untuk dilanggar oleh para pemilik gedung agar tidak membayar, selain itu juga akan sulit sekali untuk mengganti sistem ini. Namun demikian, jika pemerintah kabupaten membuat peraturan yang menyatakan bahwa pemilik gedung walet harus membuka pintu gedung bagi para petugas inspeksi dari kabupaten dan secara terus-menerus membujuk agar pemilik membayar retribusi kepada kabupaten, sehingga uang ini bisa digunakan oleh pemerintah kabupaten untuk memajukan industri ini. Dalam skripsi ini dijelaskan tentang industri sarang burung walet yang merupakan industri yang sangat besar dan sangat penting bagi banyak orang di seluruh Jawa Timur dari golongan atas sampai golongan karyawan. Golongan atas mempunyai beberapa keunggulan daripada golongan karyawan, tetapi kekosongan ini bisa ditutup dengan keterlibatan pihak kabupaten. Bagaimanapun, keterlibatan dari kabupaten tersebut dihalangi oleh pemilik gedung walet yang sudah berhasil. Mereka tidak mau pihak kabupaten ikut campur karena mereka takut jika harus membayar lebih banyak pajak atau retribusi.
44
Appendix 1
Ragam masakan dari sarang burung walet121 Double boiled birds nest with coconut Bahan-bahan:  1 butir kelapa hijau utuh 40 gram sarang burung walet 200 gram gula batu 500 cc air 20 cc kelapa hijau
Cara memasak: Cuci kelapa dan bersihkan sabutnya hingga warna hijaunya terlihat bersih Keluarkan seluruh air kelapa Ambil semagkuk air panas, lalu rendam sarang burung walet selama satu jam supaya mudah memisahkannya. Ambil gula dan untuk membuat karamel. Tuang karamel dan sarang burung walet ke dalam kelapa hijau. Kukus hingga 30 minit Tuang air kelapa yang dikeluarkan tadi ke dalam kelapa hijau setelah dikukus.
Braised birds nest with crab roe. Bahan-bahan 40 gram sarang burung walet 1ekor kepiting, diambil telurnya 200 gram kaldu ayam 1 butir putih telur Bumbu-bumbu, seperti garam, gula, dan merica secukupnya 4 batang choy sam hong kong (sayur hijah) 10 gram tepung terigu
Cara memasak: Ambil telur kepiting, lalu cuci hingga hersih. Kukus telur kepiting selama 10 minit. 121 semua ragam masakan dari: Hadi Iswanto, „Walet Budidaya dan aspek bisnisnya‟, Agromedia, 2002, pp. 64-68.
45  Ambil semangkuk air panas, lalu rendam srang burung walet selama satu jam supaya mudah untuk memisahkannya. Campurkan kaldu ayam, sarang burung walet, dan bumbu-bumbu. Didihkan selama 3 minit lalu letakkan di atas piring oval. Letakkan choy sam yang telah direbus di tepi piring. Untuk bahan saos, campurkan kaldu ayam, daging kepiting, dan putih telur gingga menjadi gravey (kecokelatan), lalu tuangkan tepung terigu. Aduk rata hingga kental, lalu tuangkan di atas sarang burung. Selanjutnya, tebarkan telur kepiting yang telah dibersihkan di atas menu tersebut.
Stewed birds nest with American Ginseng Bahan-bahan 75 gram sarang burung walet yang sudah direndam 8 gram irisan american ginseng 1 sendok makan gula batu 2 cangkir air yang sudah mendidih
Cara memasak Cuci irisan american ginseng dan taruh ke dalam panci. Tambahkan air, dan rebus hingga mendidih selama 50 menit. Tambahkan sarang burung walet dan rebus selama 10 menit.
Birds neast soup Bahan-bahan 15 gram sarang burung walet kualitas super 2 potong jamur hitam kering Irisan telur kuning dadar secukupnya 3 cangkir air kaldi ayam
\ Cara masak Cuci sarang burung walet hingga bersih. Rendam sampai lunak. Setelah direndam, sarang burung disobek-sobek dan dicucikembali, kemudian dikeringkan. Letakkan sarang burung tersebut di dalam panci. Rendam jamur hitam sampai lunak. Cuci dan iris-iris jamur hitam. Letakkan jamur di atas sarang burung. Tuangkan air kaldu.
46  Rebus selama 40 menit atau sampai air mendidih. Sajikan selagi masih panas.
Stewed birds nest with rock sugar Bahan-bahan. 113 gram sarang burung walet super yang sudah direndam 113 gram gula batu 3,5 cankir air.
Cara memasak: Cuci gula batu hingga bersih. Rebus 3,5 mangkuk air dan masukkan gula batu ke air rebusan itu. Masak dengan api kecil hingga gula mencair. Saring rebusan air gula batu lalu rebus kembali selama 20 menit. Masukkan sarang burung walet. Rebus kembali sekitar 10 menit. Tuangkan ke dalam mangkuk dan sajikan selagi panas.
47
Daftar Pustaka Buku  Adiwibawa, Eka, Pengeloloaan Rumah Walet, Kanisius, Yogyakarta, 2000 Arief Budiman, Budidaya seriti biaya murah, jakarta 2002 Arief Budiman, Menentukan Lokasi Budi Daya Walet, Penebar Swadaya, 2002. Arie Liliyah Rahman dan M. T. Nixon, „Budi Daya Walet’, Redaksi Agromedia, 2007. Dinas Kehutanan dan Perkebunan Kabupaten Blitar, ‘Pedoman Budidaya Walet’, Blitar, juni 2001. Hadi Iswanto, ‘Walet Budidaya dan aspek bisnisnya’, Agromedia, 2002, Hendri Mulia, Strategi Jitu Memikat, Redaksi Agromedia, 2007. Jeanie Mackay,’Swifts and Trade’, Ted case study, at http://www.america.edu/ted/SWIFT.HTM, pada pebruari 3 2008. John Mackinnon dan Karen Phillipps, ‘A field guide to the birds of Borneo, Sumatra, Java and Bali, Oxford university press, 1993, p. 202-203 ‘Panduan Praktis Sukses Memikat Walet’, Redaksi Trubus, 2005, p.119.
48
Wawancara  Wawancara dengan pak Ansari Sofian, di Blitar 10/4/08.
Wawancara dengan Ibu Yanti di Wlinggi pada 11/4/08.
Wawancara dengan Pak Tekno di Wlinggi pada 11/4/08
Wawancara dengan Pak Widar di Wlinggi pada 11/4/08.
Wawancara dengan Pak Nick, di Jakarta, 22 maret 2008
Wawancara dengan Pak Iqnatius, di pantai priggi, 9 maret 2008.
Wawancara dengan Ibu Kay, di pantai priggi, 9 maret 2008.
Wawancara dengan Pak Suparti, di pantai priggi, 9 maret 2008
Wawancara dengan Pak Dhiang Sumani, di Dinas Perdaganan Blitar, 12 Maret 2008
Wawancara dengan Pak Jekky, di Dinas kehutanan dan perkebunan Blitar, 12 Maret 2008.
Wawancara dengan Pak jecky, di Dinas kehutanan dan perkebunan Blitar, 11 April 2008.
Wawancara dengan Pak Losmanto, di Wlingi, 11 April 2008.
Wawancara dengan Pak Eka, di Tambakrejo, 9 April 2008.
Wawancara dengan Ibu Rosi, di Wlingi, 11 april 2008.

Swiftlet Industry: More research on Malaysia Pure Birdnest

2008-12-09T16:46:00.000-08:00

Malaysia Swiflets nests contain 20 to 30 % of carbohydrate. What is carbohydrate and its benefits to mankind?
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Carbohydrate
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Lactose is a disaccharide found in milk. It is composed of a molecule of D-galactose and a molecule of D-glucose bonded by a β-1-4 glycosidic linkage.Carbohydrates (from 'hydrates of carbon') or saccharides (Greek σάκχαρον, sákcharon, meaning "sugar") are the most abundant of the four major classes of biomolecules. They fill numerous roles in living things, such as the storage and transport of energy (starch, glycogen) and structural components (cellulose in plants, chitin in animals). Additionally, carbohydrates and their derivatives play major roles in the working process of the immune system, fertilization, pathogenesis, blood clotting, and development.[1]

Chemically, carbohydrates are simple organic compounds that are aldehydes or ketones with many hydroxyl groups added, usually one on each carbon atom that is not part of the aldehyde or ketone functional group. The basic carbohydrate units are called monosaccharides, such as glucose, galactose, and fructose. The general stoichiometric formula of an unmodified monosaccharide is (C·H2O)n, where n is any number of three or greater; however, the use of this word does not follow this exact definition and many molecules with formulae that differ slightly from this are still called carbohydrates, and others that possess formulae agreeing with this general rule are not called carbohydrates (eg formaldehyde).[2]

Monosaccharides can be linked together into what are called polysaccharides (or oligosaccharides) in almost limitless ways. Many carbohydrates contain one or more modified monosaccharide units that have had one or more groups replaced or removed. For example, deoxyribose, a component of DNA, is a modified version of ribose; chitin is composed of repeating units of N-acetylglucosamine, a nitrogen-containing form of glucose. The names of carbohydrates often end in the suffix -ose.

Contents [hide]
1 Monosaccharides
1.1 Classification of monosaccharides
1.2 Conformation
1.3 Use in living organisms
2 Disaccharides
3 Oligosaccharides and polysaccharides
4 Nutrition
4.1 Classification
5 Metabolism
5.1 Catabolism
6 Carbohydrate chemistry
7 See also
8 References
9 External links

Monosaccharides
Main article: Monosaccharide

D-glucose is an aldohexose with the formula (C·H2O)6. The red atoms highlight the aldehyde group, and the blue atoms highlight the asymmetric center furthest from the aldehyde; because this -OH is on the right of the Fischer projection, this is a D sugar.Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates in that they cannot be hydrolyzed to smaller carbohydrates. The general chemical formula of an unmodified monosaccharide is (C•H2O)n, where n is any number of three or greater.

Classification of monosaccharides

The α and β anomers of glucose. Note the position of the anomeric carbon (red or green) relative to the CH2OH group bound to carbon 5: they are either on the opposite sides (α), or the same side (β).
Monosaccharides are classified according to three different characteristics: the placement of its carbonyl group, the number of carbon atoms it contains, and its chiral handedness. If the carbonyl group is an aldehyde, the monosaccharide is an aldose; if the carbonyl group is a ketone, the monosaccharide is a ketose. Monosaccharides with three carbon atoms are called trioses, those with four are called tetroses, five are called pentoses, six are hexoses, and so on. [3] These two systems of classification are often combined. For example, glucose is an aldohexose (a six-carbon aldehyde), ribose is an aldopentose (a five-carbon aldehyde), and fructose is a ketohexose (a six-carbon ketone).

Each carbon atom bearing a hydroxyl group (-OH), with the exception of the first and last carbons, are asymmetric, making them stereocenters with two possible configurations each (R or S). Because of this asymmetry, a number of isomers may exist for any given monosaccharide formula. The aldohexose D-glucose, for example, has the formula (C·H2O)6, of which all but two of its six carbons atoms are stereogenic, making D-glucose one of 24 = 16 possible stereoisomers. In the case of glyceraldehyde, an aldotriose, there is one pair of possible stereoisomers, which are enantiomers and epimers. 1,3-dihydroxyacetone, the ketose corresponding to the aldose glyceraldehyde, is a symmetric molecule with no stereocenters). The assignment of D or L is made according to the orientation of the asymmetric carbon furthest from the carbonyl group: in a standard Fischer projection if the hydroxyl group is on the right the molecule is a D sugar, otherwise it is an L sugar. Because D sugars are biologically far more common, the D is often omitted

Conformation

Glucose can exist in both a straight-chain and ring form.The aldehyde or ketone group of a straight-chain monosaccharide will react reversibly with a hydroxyl group on a different carbon atom to form a hemiacetal or hemiketal, forming a heterocyclic ring with an oxygen bridge between two carbon atoms. Rings with five and six atoms are called furanose and pyranose forms, respectively, and exist in equilibrium with the straight-chain form.

During the conversion from straight-chain form to cyclic form, the carbon atom containing the carbonyl oxygen, called the anomeric carbon, becomes a chiral center with two possible configurations: the oxygen atom may take a position either above or below the plane of the ring. The resulting possible pair of stereoisomers are called anomers. In the α anomer, the -OH substituent on the anomeric carbon rests on the opposite side (trans) of the ring from the CH2OH side branch. The alternative form, in which the CH2OH substituent and the anomeric hydroxyl are on the same side (cis) of the plane of the ring, is called the β anomer. You can remember that the β anomer is cis by the mnemonic, "It's always better to βe up". Because the ring and straight-chain forms readily interconvert, both anomers exist in equilibrium.

Use in living organisms
Monosaccharides are the major source of fuel for metabolism, being used both as an energy source (glucose being the most important in nature) and in biosynthesis. When monosaccharides are not immediately needed by many cells they are often converted to more space efficient forms, often polysaccharides. In many animals, including humans, this storage form is glycogen, especially in liver and muscle cells. In plants, starch is used for the same purpose.

Disaccharides

Sucrose, also known as table sugar, is a common disaccharide. It is composed of two monosaccharides: D-glucose (left) and D-fructose (right).Main article: Disaccharide
Two joined monosaccharides are called a disaccharides and these are the simplest polysaccharides. Examples include sucrose and lactose. They are composed of two monosaccharide units bound together by a covalent bond known as a glycosidic linkage formed via a dehydration reaction, resulting in the loss of a hydrogen atom from one monosaccharide and a hydroxyl group from the other. The formula of unmodified disaccharides is C12H22O11. Although there are numerous kinds of disaccharides, a handful of disaccharides are particularly notable.

Sucrose, pictured to the right, is the most abundant disaccharide, and the main form in which carbohydrates are transported in plants. It is composed of one D-glucose molecule and one D-fructose molecule. The systematic name for sucrose, O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-D-fructofuranoside, indicates four things:

Its monosaccharides: glucose and fructose
Their ring types: glucose is a pyranose, and fructose is a furanose
How they are linked together: the oxygen on carbon number 1 (C1) of α-D-glucose is linked to the C2 of D-fructose.
The -oside suffix indicates that the anomeric carbon of both monosaccharides participates in the glycosidic bond.
Lactose, a disaccharide composed of one D-galactose molecule and one D-glucose molecule, occurs naturally in mammalian milk. The systematic name for lactose is O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1→4)-D-glucopyranose. Other notable disaccharides include maltose (two D-glucoses linked α-1,4) and cellulobiose (two D-glucoses linked β-1,4).

Oligosaccharides and polysaccharides

Amylose is a linear polymer of glucose mainly linked with α(1→4) bonds. It can be made of several thousands of glucose units. It is one of the two components of starch, the other being amylopectin.Main articles: Oligosaccharide and Polysaccharide
Oligosaccharides and polysaccharides are composed of longer chains of monosaccharide units bound together by glycosidic bonds. The distinction between the two is based upon the number of monosaccharide units present in the chain. Oligosaccharides typically contain between two and nine monosaccharide units, and polysaccharides contain greater than ten monosaccharide units. Definitions of how large a carbohydrate must be to fall into each category vary according to personal opinion. Examples of oligosaccharides include the disaccharides mentioned above, the trisaccharide raffinose and the tetrasaccharide stachyose.

Oligosaccharides are found as a common form of protein posttranslational modification. Such posttranslational modifications include the Lewis and ABO oligosaccharides responsible for blood group classifications and so of tissue incompatibilities, the alpha-Gal epitope responsible for hyperacute rejection in xenotransplanation, and O-GlcNAc modifications.

Polysaccharides represent an important class of biological polymers. Their function in living organisms is usually either structure or storage related. Starch (a polymer of glucose) is used as a storage polysaccharide in plants, being found in the form of both amylose and the branched amylopectin. In animals, the structurally similar glucose polymer is the more densely branched glycogen, sometimes called 'animal starch'. Glycogen's properties allow it to be metabolized more quickly, which suits the active lives of moving animals.

Cellulose and chitin are examples of structural polysaccharides. Cellulose is used in the cell walls of plants and other organisms, and is claimed to be the most abundant organic molecule on earth.[4] It has many uses such as a significant role in the paper and textile industries, and is used as a feedstock for the production of rayon (via the viscose process), cellulose acetate, celluloid, and nitrocellulose. Chitin's structure has a similar structure, but has nitrogen containing side branches, increasing its strength. It is found in arthropod exoskeletons and in the cell walls of some fungi. It also has multiple uses, including surgical threads.

Other polysaccharides include callose or laminarin, xylan, mannan, fucoidan, and galactomannan.

Nutrition

Grain products: rich sources of complex and simple carbohydratesCarbohydrates require less water to digest than proteins or fats and are the most common source of energy in living things. Proteins and fat are necessary building components for body tissue and cells and are also a source of energy for most organisms.

Carbohydrates are not essential nutrients in humans: the body can obtain all its energy from protein and fats[5][6]. However, the brain and neurons generally cannot burn fat and need glucose for energy; the body can make some glucose from a few of the amino acids in protein and also from the glycerol backbone in triglycerides. Carbohydrate contains 3.75 and proteins 4 kilocalories per gram, respectively, while fats contain 9 kilocalories per gram. In the case of protein, this is somewhat misleading as only some amino acids are usable for fuel. Likewise, in humans, only some carbohydrates are usable for fuel; many monosaccharides and some disaccharides. Other carbohydrate types can be used, but only with the assistance of gut bacteria. Ruminants and termites, can even process cellulose, which is indigestible to other organisms.

Foods high in carbohydrates include breads, pastas, beans, potatoes, bran, rice and cereals. Most such foods are high in starch.

Based on the effects on risk of heart disease and obesity, the Institute of Medicine recommends that American and Canadian adults get between 40-65% of dietary energy from carbohydrates.[7] The Food and Agriculture Organization and World Health Organization jointly recommend that national dietary guidelines set a goal of 55-75% of total energy from carbohydrates, but only 10% directly from sugars (their term for simple carbohydrates).[8]

Classification
Dietitians and other certified food scientists commonly classify carbohydrates as simple (monosaccharides and disaccharides) or complex (oligosaccharides and polysaccharides). The term complex carbohydrate was first used in the Senate Select Committee publication Dietary Goals for the United States (1977), where it denoted "fruit, vegetables and whole-grains".[9] Dietary guidelines generally recommend that complex carbohydrates, and such nutrient-rich simple carbohydrate sources such as fruit (glucose or fructose) and dairy products (lactose) make up the bulk of carbohydrate consumption. This excludes such sources of simple sugars as candy and sugary drinks. The USDA's Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2005 dispensed with the simple/complex distinction, instead recommending fiber-rich foods and whole grains.[10]

The glycemic index and glycemic load concepts have been developed to characterize food behavior during human digestion. They rank carbohydrate-rich foods based on the rapidity of their effect on blood glucose levels. The insulin index is a similar, more recent classification method which ranks foods based on their effects on blood insulin levels, which are caused by glucose (or starch) and some amino acids in food. Glycemic index is a measure of how quickly food glucose is absorbed, while glycemic load is a measure of the total absorbable glucose in foods.

Metabolism
Main article: Carbohydrate metabolism
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Catabolism
Catabolism is the metabolic reaction cells undergo in order to extract energy. There are two major metabolic pathways of monosaccharide catabolism:

Glycolysis
Citric acid cycle
Oligo/polysaccharides are cleaved first to smaller monosaccharides by enzymes called Glycoside hydrolases. The monosaccharide units can then enter into monosaccharide catabolism. In some cases, as with humans, not all carbohydrate types are usable as the digestive and metabolic enzymes necessary are not present. For instance, neither horses nor humans nor cats can digest and use cellulose, but ruminants and termites can.

Carbohydrate chemistry
Carbohydrates are reactants in many organic reactions. For example:

Carbohydrate acetalisation
Cyanohydrin reaction
Lobry-de Bruyn-van Ekenstein transformation
Amadori rearrangement
Nef reaction
Wohl degradation
Koenigs-Knorr reaction

See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Carbohydrates
Biochemistry
Bioplastic
Gluconeogenesis
Glycolipid
Glycoprotein
Low-carbohydrate diet
No-carbohydrate diet
Macromolecules
Nutrition
Pentose phosphate pathway
Photosynthesis
Sugar
[show]v • d • eMetabolism

Catabolism - Anabolism
Metabolic pathway - Metabolic network - Cellular respiration (Anaerobic/Aerobic)

Protein metabolism - Carbohydrate metabolism - Lipid metabolism - Iron metabolism

[show]v • d • eFood chemistry

Additives · Carbohydrates · Coloring · Enzymes · Essential fatty acids · Flavors · Lipids · Minerals · Proteins · Vitamins · Water

[show]v • d • eTypes of Carbohydrates

General: Aldose · Ketose · Pyranose · Furanose

Geometry Cyclohexane conformation · Anomer · Mutarotation

Monosaccharides Trioses Ketotriose (Dihydroxyacetone) · Aldotriose (Glyceraldehyde)

Tetroses Ketotetrose (Erythrulose) · Aldotetroses (Erythrose, Threose)

Pentoses Ketopentose (Ribulose, Xylulose)
Aldopentose (Ribose, Arabinose, Xylose, Lyxose)

Deoxy sugar (Deoxyribose)

Hexoses Ketohexose (Psicose, Fructose, Sorbose, Tagatose)
Aldohexose (Allose, Altrose, Glucose, Mannose, Gulose, Idose, Galactose, Talose)

Deoxy sugar (Fucose, Fuculose, Rhamnose)

Heptose Sedoheptulose

Multiple Disaccharides Sucrose · Lactose · Maltose · Trehalose · Turanose · Cellobiose

Trisaccharides Raffinose · Melezitose · Maltotriose

Tetrasaccharides Acarbose · Stachyose

Other oligosaccharides Fructooligosaccharide (FOS) · Galacto-oligosaccharide (GOS) · Mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS)

Polysaccharide Glucose: Glycogen · Starch (Amylose, Amylopectin) · Cellulose · Dextrin · Glucan (Beta-glucan)
Fructose: Fructan (Inulin, Levan beta 2→6)

N-Acetylglucosamine: Chitin

Glycosaminoglycans Heparin · Chondroitin sulfate · Hyaluronan · Heparan sulfate · Dermatan sulfate · Keratan sulfate

Aminoglycosides Kanamycin · Streptomycin · Tobramycin · Neomycin · Paromomycin · Apramycin · Gentamicin · Netilmicin · Amikacin

Major families of biochemicals
Saccharides · Carbohydrates · Glycosides · · Amino acids · Peptides · Proteins · Glycoproteins · · Lipids · Terpenes · Steroids · Carotenoids
Alkaloids · Nucleobases · Nucleic acids · · Enzyme cofactors · Flavonoids · Polyketides · Tetrapyrroles

References
^ Maton, Anthea; Jean Hopkins, Charles William McLaughlin, Susan Johnson, Maryanna Quon Warner, David LaHart, Jill D. Wright (1993). Human Biology and Health. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall. pp. 52–59. ISBN 0-13-981176-1.
^ Matthews, C. E.; K. E. Van Holde; K. G. Ahern (1999) Biochemistry. 3rd edition. Benjamin Cummings. ISBN 0-8053-3066-6
^ Campbell, Neil A.; Brad Williamson; Robin J. Heyden (2006). Biology: Exploring Life. Boston, Massachusetts: Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-250882-6. http://www.phschool.com/el_marketing.html.
^ N.A.Campbell (1996) Biology (4th edition). Benjamin Cummings NY. p.23 ISBN 0-8053-1957-3
^ Is dietary carbohydrate essential for human nutrition? - Westman 75 (5): 951 - American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
^ A High-Protein, High-Fat, Carbohydrate-Free Diet Reduces Energy Intake, Hepatic Lipogenesis, and Adiposity in Rats - Pichon et al. 136 (5): 1256 - Journal of Nutrition
^ Food and Nutrition Board (2002/2005). Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. Page 769. ISBN 0-309-08537-3
^ Joint WHO/FAO expert consultation (2003). Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases (PDF). Geneva: World Health Organization. Pages 55-56. ISBN 92-4-120916-X
^ Joint WHO/FAO expert consultation (1998), Carbohydrates in human nutrition, chapter 1. ISBN 92-5-104114-8.
^ DHHS and USDA, Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2005, Chapter 7 Carbohydrates

External links
Carbohydrates, including interactive models and animations (Requires MDL Chime)
IUPAC-IUBMB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (JCBN): Carbohydrate Nomenclature
Carbohydrates detailed
Carbohydrates and Glycosylation - The Virtual Library of Biochemistry and Cell Biology
Consortium for Functional Glycomics
[show]v • d • eTypes of Carbohydrates

General: Aldose · Ketose · Pyranose · Furanose

Geometry Cyclohexane conformation · Anomer · Mutarotation

Monosaccharides Trioses Ketotriose (Dihydroxyacetone) · Aldotriose (Glyceraldehyde)

Tetroses Ketotetrose (Erythrulose) · Aldotetroses (Erythrose, Threose)

Pentoses Ketopentose (Ribulose, Xylulose)
Aldopentose (Ribose, Arabinose, Xylose, Lyxose)

Deoxy sugar (Deoxyribose)

Hexoses Ketohexose (Psicose, Fructose, Sorbose, Tagatose)
Aldohexose (Allose, Altrose, Glucose, Mannose, Gulose, Idose, Galactose, Talose)

Deoxy sugar (Fucose, Fuculose, Rhamnose)

Heptose Sedoheptulose

Multiple Disaccharides Sucrose · Lactose · Maltose · Trehalose · Turanose · Cellobiose

Trisaccharides Raffinose · Melezitose · Maltotriose

Tetrasaccharides Acarbose · Stachyose

Other oligosaccharides Fructooligosaccharide (FOS) · Galacto-oligosaccharide (GOS) · Mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS)

Polysaccharide Glucose: Glycogen · Starch (Amylose, Amylopectin) · Cellulose · Dextrin · Glucan (Beta-glucan)
Fructose: Fructan (Inulin, Levan beta 2→6)

N-Acetylglucosamine: Chitin

Glycosaminoglycans Heparin · Chondroitin sulfate · Hyaluronan · Heparan sulfate · Dermatan sulfate · Keratan sulfate

Aminoglycosides Kanamycin · Streptomycin · Tobramycin · Neomycin · Paromomycin · Apramycin · Gentamicin · Netilmicin · Amikacin

Major families of biochemicals
Saccharides · Carbohydrates · Glycosides · · Amino acids · Peptides · Proteins · Glycoproteins · · Lipids · Terpenes · Steroids · Carotenoids
Alkaloids · Nucleobases · Nucleic acids · · Enzyme cofactors · Flavonoids · Polyketides · Tetrapyrroles

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Carbohydrate
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Lactose is a disaccharide found in milk. It is composed of a molecule of D-galactose and a molecule of D-glucose bonded by a β-1-4 glycosidic linkage.Carbohydrates (from 'hydrates of carbon') or saccharides (Greek σάκχαρον, sákcharon, meaning "sugar") are the most abundant of the four major classes of biomolecules. They fill numerous roles in living things, such as the storage and transport of energy (starch, glycogen) and structural components (cellulose in plants, chitin in animals). Additionally, carbohydrates and their derivatives play major roles in the working process of the immune system, fertilization, pathogenesis, blood clotting, and development.[1]

Chemically, carbohydrates are simple organic compounds that are aldehydes or ketones with many hydroxyl groups added, usually one on each carbon atom that is not part of the aldehyde or ketone functional group. The basic carbohydrate units are called monosaccharides, such as glucose, galactose, and fructose. The general stoichiometric formula of an unmodified monosaccharide is (C·H2O)n, where n is any number of three or greater; however, the use of this word does not follow this exact definition and many molecules with formulae that differ slightly from this are still called carbohydrates, and others that possess formulae agreeing with this general rule are not called carbohydrates (eg formaldehyde).[2]

Monosaccharides can be linked together into what are called polysaccharides (or oligosaccharides) in almost limitless ways. Many carbohydrates contain one or more modified monosaccharide units that have had one or more groups replaced or removed. For example, deoxyribose, a component of DNA, is a modified version of ribose; chitin is composed of repeating units of N-acetylglucosamine, a nitrogen-containing form of glucose. The names of carbohydrates often end in the suffix -ose.

Contents [hide]
1 Monosaccharides
1.1 Classification of monosaccharides
1.2 Conformation
1.3 Use in living organisms
2 Disaccharides
3 Oligosaccharides and polysaccharides
4 Nutrition
4.1 Classification
5 Metabolism
5.1 Catabolism
6 Carbohydrate chemistry
7 See also
8 References
9 External links

Monosaccharides
Main article: Monosaccharide

D-glucose is an aldohexose with the formula (C·H2O)6. The red atoms highlight the aldehyde group, and the blue atoms highlight the asymmetric center furthest from the aldehyde; because this -OH is on the right of the Fischer projection, this is a D sugar.Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates in that they cannot be hydrolyzed to smaller carbohydrates. The general chemical formula of an unmodified monosaccharide is (C•H2O)n, where n is any number of three or greater.

Classification of monosaccharides

The α and β anomers of glucose. Note the position of the anomeric carbon (red or green) relative to the CH2OH group bound to carbon 5: they are either on the opposite sides (α), or the same side (β).
Monosaccharides are classified according to three different characteristics: the placement of its carbonyl group, the number of carbon atoms it contains, and its chiral handedness. If the carbonyl group is an aldehyde, the monosaccharide is an aldose; if the carbonyl group is a ketone, the monosaccharide is a ketose. Monosaccharides with three carbon atoms are called trioses, those with four are called tetroses, five are called pentoses, six are hexoses, and so on. [3] These two systems of classification are often combined. For example, glucose is an aldohexose (a six-carbon aldehyde), ribose is an aldopentose (a five-carbon aldehyde), and fructose is a ketohexose (a six-carbon ketone).

Each carbon atom bearing a hydroxyl group (-OH), with the exception of the first and last carbons, are asymmetric, making them stereocenters with two possible configurations each (R or S). Because of this asymmetry, a number of isomers may exist for any given monosaccharide formula. The aldohexose D-glucose, for example, has the formula (C·H2O)6, of which all but two of its six carbons atoms are stereogenic, making D-glucose one of 24 = 16 possible stereoisomers. In the case of glyceraldehyde, an aldotriose, there is one pair of possible stereoisomers, which are enantiomers and epimers. 1,3-dihydroxyacetone, the ketose corresponding to the aldose glyceraldehyde, is a symmetric molecule with no stereocenters). The assignment of D or L is made according to the orientation of the asymmetric carbon furthest from the carbonyl group: in a standard Fischer projection if the hydroxyl group is on the right the molecule is a D sugar, otherwise it is an L sugar. Because D sugars are biologically far more common, the D is often omitted

Conformation

Glucose can exist in both a straight-chain and ring form.The aldehyde or ketone group of a straight-chain monosaccharide will react reversibly with a hydroxyl group on a different carbon atom to form a hemiacetal or hemiketal, forming a heterocyclic ring with an oxygen bridge between two carbon atoms. Rings with five and six atoms are called furanose and pyranose forms, respectively, and exist in equilibrium with the straight-chain form.

During the conversion from straight-chain form to cyclic form, the carbon atom containing the carbonyl oxygen, called the anomeric carbon, becomes a chiral center with two possible configurations: the oxygen atom may take a position either above or below the plane of the ring. The resulting possible pair of stereoisomers are called anomers. In the α anomer, the -OH substituent on the anomeric carbon rests on the opposite side (trans) of the ring from the CH2OH side branch. The alternative form, in which the CH2OH substituent and the anomeric hydroxyl are on the same side (cis) of the plane of the ring, is called the β anomer. You can remember that the β anomer is cis by the mnemonic, "It's always better to βe up". Because the ring and straight-chain forms readily interconvert, both anomers exist in equilibrium.

Use in living organisms
Monosaccharides are the major source of fuel for metabolism, being used both as an energy source (glucose being the most important in nature) and in biosynthesis. When monosaccharides are not immediately needed by many cells they are often converted to more space efficient forms, often polysaccharides. In many animals, including humans, this storage form is glycogen, especially in liver and muscle cells. In plants, starch is used for the same purpose.

Disaccharides

Sucrose, also known as table sugar, is a common disaccharide. It is composed of two monosaccharides: D-glucose (left) and D-fructose (right).Main article: Disaccharide
Two joined monosaccharides are called a disaccharides and these are the simplest polysaccharides. Examples include sucrose and lactose. They are composed of two monosaccharide units bound together by a covalent bond known as a glycosidic linkage formed via a dehydration reaction, resulting in the loss of a hydrogen atom from one monosaccharide and a hydroxyl group from the other. The formula of unmodified disaccharides is C12H22O11. Although there are numerous kinds of disaccharides, a handful of disaccharides are particularly notable.

Sucrose, pictured to the right, is the most abundant disaccharide, and the main form in which carbohydrates are transported in plants. It is composed of one D-glucose molecule and one D-fructose molecule. The systematic name for sucrose, O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-D-fructofuranoside, indicates four things:

Its monosaccharides: glucose and fructose
Their ring types: glucose is a pyranose, and fructose is a furanose
How they are linked together: the oxygen on carbon number 1 (C1) of α-D-glucose is linked to the C2 of D-fructose.
The -oside suffix indicates that the anomeric carbon of both monosaccharides participates in the glycosidic bond.
Lactose, a disaccharide composed of one D-galactose molecule and one D-glucose molecule, occurs naturally in mammalian milk. The systematic name for lactose is O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1→4)-D-glucopyranose. Other notable disaccharides include maltose (two D-glucoses linked α-1,4) and cellulobiose (two D-glucoses linked β-1,4).

Oligosaccharides and polysaccharides

Amylose is a linear polymer of glucose mainly linked with α(1→4) bonds. It can be made of several thousands of glucose units. It is one of the two components of starch, the other being amylopectin.Main articles: Oligosaccharide and Polysaccharide
Oligosaccharides and polysaccharides are composed of longer chains of monosaccharide units bound together by glycosidic bonds. The distinction between the two is based upon the number of monosaccharide units present in the chain. Oligosaccharides typically contain between two and nine monosaccharide units, and polysaccharides contain greater than ten monosaccharide units. Definitions of how large a carbohydrate must be to fall into each category vary according to personal opinion. Examples of oligosaccharides include the disaccharides mentioned above, the trisaccharide raffinose and the tetrasaccharide stachyose.

Oligosaccharides are found as a common form of protein posttranslational modification. Such posttranslational modifications include the Lewis and ABO oligosaccharides responsible for blood group classifications and so of tissue incompatibilities, the alpha-Gal epitope responsible for hyperacute rejection in xenotransplanation, and O-GlcNAc modifications.

Polysaccharides represent an important class of biological polymers. Their function in living organisms is usually either structure or storage related. Starch (a polymer of glucose) is used as a storage polysaccharide in plants, being found in the form of both amylose and the branched amylopectin. In animals, the structurally similar glucose polymer is the more densely branched glycogen, sometimes called 'animal starch'. Glycogen's properties allow it to be metabolized more quickly, which suits the active lives of moving animals.

Cellulose and chitin are examples of structural polysaccharides. Cellulose is used in the cell walls of plants and other organisms, and is claimed to be the most abundant organic molecule on earth.[4] It has many uses such as a significant role in the paper and textile industries, and is used as a feedstock for the production of rayon (via the viscose process), cellulose acetate, celluloid, and nitrocellulose. Chitin's structure has a similar structure, but has nitrogen containing side branches, increasing its strength. It is found in arthropod exoskeletons and in the cell walls of some fungi. It also has multiple uses, including surgical threads.

Other polysaccharides include callose or laminarin, xylan, mannan, fucoidan, and galactomannan.

Nutrition

Grain products: rich sources of complex and simple carbohydratesCarbohydrates require less water to digest than proteins or fats and are the most common source of energy in living things. Proteins and fat are necessary building components for body tissue and cells and are also a source of energy for most organisms.

Carbohydrates are not essential nutrients in humans: the body can obtain all its energy from protein and fats[5][6]. However, the brain and neurons generally cannot burn fat and need glucose for energy; the body can make some glucose from a few of the amino acids in protein and also from the glycerol backbone in triglycerides. Carbohydrate contains 3.75 and proteins 4 kilocalories per gram, respectively, while fats contain 9 kilocalories per gram. In the case of protein, this is somewhat misleading as only some amino acids are usable for fuel. Likewise, in humans, only some carbohydrates are usable for fuel; many monosaccharides and some disaccharides. Other carbohydrate types can be used, but only with the assistance of gut bacteria. Ruminants and termites, can even process cellulose, which is indigestible to other organisms.

Foods high in carbohydrates include breads, pastas, beans, potatoes, bran, rice and cereals. Most such foods are high in starch.

Based on the effects on risk of heart disease and obesity, the Institute of Medicine recommends that American and Canadian adults get between 40-65% of dietary energy from carbohydrates.[7] The Food and Agriculture Organization and World Health Organization jointly recommend that national dietary guidelines set a goal of 55-75% of total energy from carbohydrates, but only 10% directly from sugars (their term for simple carbohydrates).[8]

Classification
Dietitians and other certified food scientists commonly classify carbohydrates as simple (monosaccharides and disaccharides) or complex (oligosaccharides and polysaccharides). The term complex carbohydrate was first used in the Senate Select Committee publication Dietary Goals for the United States (1977), where it denoted "fruit, vegetables and whole-grains".[9] Dietary guidelines generally recommend that complex carbohydrates, and such nutrient-rich simple carbohydrate sources such as fruit (glucose or fructose) and dairy products (lactose) make up the bulk of carbohydrate consumption. This excludes such sources of simple sugars as candy and sugary drinks. The USDA's Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2005 dispensed with the simple/complex distinction, instead recommending fiber-rich foods and whole grains.[10]

The glycemic index and glycemic load concepts have been developed to characterize food behavior during human digestion. They rank carbohydrate-rich foods based on the rapidity of their effect on blood glucose levels. The insulin index is a similar, more recent classification method which ranks foods based on their effects on blood insulin levels, which are caused by glucose (or starch) and some amino acids in food. Glycemic index is a measure of how quickly food glucose is absorbed, while glycemic load is a measure of the total absorbable glucose in foods.

Metabolism
Main article: Carbohydrate metabolism
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Catabolism
Catabolism is the metabolic reaction cells undergo in order to extract energy. There are two major metabolic pathways of monosaccharide catabolism:

Glycolysis
Citric acid cycle
Oligo/polysaccharides are cleaved first to smaller monosaccharides by enzymes called Glycoside hydrolases. The monosaccharide units can then enter into monosaccharide catabolism. In some cases, as with humans, not all carbohydrate types are usable as the digestive and metabolic enzymes necessary are not present. For instance, neither horses nor humans nor cats can digest and use cellulose, but ruminants and termites can.

Carbohydrate chemistry
Carbohydrates are reactants in many organic reactions. For example:

Carbohydrate acetalisation
Cyanohydrin reaction
Lobry-de Bruyn-van Ekenstein transformation
Amadori rearrangement
Nef reaction
Wohl degradation
Koenigs-Knorr reaction

See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Carbohydrates
Biochemistry
Bioplastic
Gluconeogenesis
Glycolipid
Glycoprotein
Low-carbohydrate diet
No-carbohydrate diet
Macromolecules
Nutrition
Pentose phosphate pathway
Photosynthesis
Sugar
[show]v • d • eMetabolism

Catabolism - Anabolism
Metabolic pathway - Metabolic network - Cellular respiration (Anaerobic/Aerobic)

Protein metabolism - Carbohydrate metabolism - Lipid metabolism - Iron metabolism

[show]v • d • eFood chemistry

Additives · Carbohydrates · Coloring · Enzymes · Essential fatty acids · Flavors · Lipids · Minerals · Proteins · Vitamins · Water

[show]v • d • eTypes of Carbohydrates

General: Aldose · Ketose · Pyranose · Furanose

Geometry Cyclohexane conformation · Anomer · Mutarotation

Monosaccharides Trioses Ketotriose (Dihydroxyacetone) · Aldotriose (Glyceraldehyde)

Tetroses Ketotetrose (Erythrulose) · Aldotetroses (Erythrose, Threose)

Pentoses Ketopentose (Ribulose, Xylulose)
Aldopentose (Ribose, Arabinose, Xylose, Lyxose)

Deoxy sugar (Deoxyribose)

Hexoses Ketohexose (Psicose, Fructose, Sorbose, Tagatose)
Aldohexose (Allose, Altrose, Glucose, Mannose, Gulose, Idose, Galactose, Talose)

Deoxy sugar (Fucose, Fuculose, Rhamnose)

Heptose Sedoheptulose

Multiple Disaccharides Sucrose · Lactose · Maltose · Trehalose · Turanose · Cellobiose

Trisaccharides Raffinose · Melezitose · Maltotriose

Tetrasaccharides Acarbose · Stachyose

Other oligosaccharides Fructooligosaccharide (FOS) · Galacto-oligosaccharide (GOS) · Mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS)

Polysaccharide Glucose: Glycogen · Starch (Amylose, Amylopectin) · Cellulose · Dextrin · Glucan (Beta-glucan)
Fructose: Fructan (Inulin, Levan beta 2→6)

N-Acetylglucosamine: Chitin

Glycosaminoglycans Heparin · Chondroitin sulfate · Hyaluronan · Heparan sulfate · Dermatan sulfate · Keratan sulfate

Aminoglycosides Kanamycin · Streptomycin · Tobramycin · Neomycin · Paromomycin · Apramycin · Gentamicin · Netilmicin · Amikacin

Major families of biochemicals
Saccharides · Carbohydrates · Glycosides · · Amino acids · Peptides · Proteins · Glycoproteins · · Lipids · Terpenes · Steroids · Carotenoids
Alkaloids · Nucleobases · Nucleic acids · · Enzyme cofactors · Flavonoids · Polyketides · Tetrapyrroles

References
^ Maton, Anthea; Jean Hopkins, Charles William McLaughlin, Susan Johnson, Maryanna Quon Warner, David LaHart, Jill D. Wright (1993). Human Biology and Health. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall. pp. 52–59. ISBN 0-13-981176-1.
^ Matthews, C. E.; K. E. Van Holde; K. G. Ahern (1999) Biochemistry. 3rd edition. Benjamin Cummings. ISBN 0-8053-3066-6
^ Campbell, Neil A.; Brad Williamson; Robin J. Heyden (2006). Biology: Exploring Life. Boston, Massachusetts: Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-250882-6. http://www.phschool.com/el_marketing.html.
^ N.A.Campbell (1996) Biology (4th edition). Benjamin Cummings NY. p.23 ISBN 0-8053-1957-3
^ Is dietary carbohydrate essential for human nutrition? - Westman 75 (5): 951 - American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
^ A High-Protein, High-Fat, Carbohydrate-Free Diet Reduces Energy Intake, Hepatic Lipogenesis, and Adiposity in Rats - Pichon et al. 136 (5): 1256 - Journal of Nutrition
^ Food and Nutrition Board (2002/2005). Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. Page 769. ISBN 0-309-08537-3
^ Joint WHO/FAO expert consultation (2003). Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases (PDF). Geneva: World Health Organization. Pages 55-56. ISBN 92-4-120916-X
^ Joint WHO/FAO expert consultation (1998), Carbohydrates in human nutrition, chapter 1. ISBN 92-5-104114-8.
^ DHHS and USDA, Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2005, Chapter 7 Carbohydrates

External links
Carbohydrates, including interactive models and animations (Requires MDL Chime)
IUPAC-IUBMB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (JCBN): Carbohydrate Nomenclature
Carbohydrates detailed
Carbohydrates and Glycosylation - The Virtual Library of Biochemistry and Cell Biology
Consortium for Functional Glycomics
[show]v • d • eTypes of Carbohydrates

General: Aldose · Ketose · Pyranose · Furanose

Geometry Cyclohexane conformation · Anomer · Mutarotation

Monosaccharides Trioses Ketotriose (Dihydroxyacetone) · Aldotriose (Glyceraldehyde)

Tetroses Ketotetrose (Erythrulose) · Aldotetroses (Erythrose, Threose)

Pentoses Ketopentose (Ribulose, Xylulose)
Aldopentose (Ribose, Arabinose, Xylose, Lyxose)

Deoxy sugar (Deoxyribose)

Hexoses Ketohexose (Psicose, Fructose, Sorbose, Tagatose)
Aldohexose (Allose, Altrose, Glucose, Mannose, Gulose, Idose, Galactose, Talose)

Deoxy sugar (Fucose, Fuculose, Rhamnose)

Heptose Sedoheptulose

Multiple Disaccharides Sucrose · Lactose · Maltose · Trehalose · Turanose · Cellobiose

Trisaccharides Raffinose · Melezitose · Maltotriose

Tetrasaccharides Acarbose · Stachyose

Other oligosaccharides Fructooligosaccharide (FOS) · Galacto-oligosaccharide (GOS) · Mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS)

Polysaccharide Glucose: Glycogen · Starch (Amylose, Amylopectin) · Cellulose · Dextrin · Glucan (Beta-glucan)
Fructose: Fructan (Inulin, Levan beta 2→6)

N-Acetylglucosamine: Chitin

Glycosaminoglycans Heparin · Chondroitin sulfate · Hyaluronan · Heparan sulfate · Dermatan sulfate · Keratan sulfate

Aminoglycosides Kanamycin · Streptomycin · Tobramycin · Neomycin · Paromomycin · Apramycin · Gentamicin · Netilmicin · Amikacin

Major families of biochemicals
Saccharides · Carbohydrates · Glycosides · · Amino acids · Peptides · Proteins · Glycoproteins · · Lipids · Terpenes · Steroids · Carotenoids
Alkaloids · Nucleobases · Nucleic acids · · Enzyme cofactors · Flavonoids · Polyketides · Tetrapyrroles

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Categories: Duplicate Articles | Carbohydrates | Nutrition
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Swiftlet Industry: Swiftlet Industry: swiflet real habitat#links

2008-11-24T23:48:00.000-08:00

Swiftlet Industry: Swiftlet Industry: swiflet real habitat#links

Swiftlet Industry: 燕窝的医药药理作用与临床应用

2008-11-24T23:47:00.000-08:00

Swiftlet Industry: 燕窝的医药药理作用与临床应用

燕窝的医药药理作用与临床应用

2008-11-24T23:08:00.000-08:00

【燕窝的医药药理作用与临床应用】
　　1、“美容基因”——表皮生长因子在大约一百年前，德国化学家费雪（Emilfischer）已证明蛋白质的氨基酸相互结合成多肽链，如两个甘氨酸脱去一分子水后形成甘氨酸。生长的键称为胜肽键。如果继续进行反应，可生成含有许多氨基酸残基的多肽。在动植物及细菌中有许多低分子多肽，它们具有非常重要的生理作用。多肽类激素就是其中很重要性的一类。有学者研究发现，燕窝中就含有一种非常重要的多肽类激素——表皮生长因子（epidermicgrowthfactor，简称EGF）。这种物质在人体的绝大多数体液中存在，在乳汁、精液等中的含量尤高。在人体内，它主要由颌下腺、十二指肠腺合成，有多种重要的生理功能，如抑制胃酸的分泌、保护十二指肠等。EGF还有一项非常重要的功能，并因此被誉为“美容基因”。它能刺激多种细胞的分裂增殖，促进细胞分化，对受损皮肤进行快速修复，促进手术创口和创面的愈合；它能影响人体皮肤的细腻和老化，能启动衰老皮肤的细胞，使皮肤变得光滑而有弹性。上述发现，不仅为全世界女性朋友的福音。其实，多年来，港台地区许多当红的影视明星，尤其是女明星们，一直对燕窝是宠爱有加，在排戏或演唱会的繁重工作压力下，燕窝成了她们护肤养颜、永葆青春的亲密伴侣。这些透过各种媒体的渲染，早已成了公开的秘密了。现在看来，燕窝在美容护肤方面的神奇功效，不仅有大量的实践经验可资证明，也确确实实是有其科学基础的。能提高免疫功能的促有丝分裂原学者们还从燕窝中提取出一种被称为促进T细胞或B细胞分裂。我们知道，淋巴细胞是人体内重要的免疫细胞，它主要包括T淋巴细胞和B淋巴细胞。燕窝中的这种促有丝分裂原，能透过刺激淋巴细胞的有丝分裂，提高人体的免疫功能。这或许也就是燕窝滋补强身功能的物质基础吧。
　　2、对呼吸系统疾病的治疗作用对呼吸系统疾病的治疗作用，可以说是燕窝的经典疗效了。从古至今，各种医籍无不强调燕窝对呼吸系统（古时称为肺系）疾病的治疗作用，如痨瘵、咳嗽、咯血、痰喘等等，也就是今天所说的肺结核、气管炎、支气管炎等病。这在前面的章节中已有介绍。另外，对于有吸烟的不良嗜好的人来说，燕窝是不可多得的“洗肺”佳品。在中国曾有学者指出，用燕窝为主要药物制成的复方燕窝汤，治疗了五百余位慢性支气管炎病人，取得了非常显著的临床疗效。也进一步验证了古书中对燕窝疗效的描述。
　　3、预防肿瘤，减少放化疗不良反应目前，恶性肿瘤仍严重威协着人类的健康。全世界的医务工作者都在为最终降伏癌魔进行着不懈的努力。现在可以肯定的是，“三早”（即早预防、早诊断、早治疗）是降低癌症的发病率、死亡率和提高癌症患者生存率的有效措施。其中，早预防是最积极和有效的方法。正常细胞在致癌因素作用下转变为癌细胞需要相当长的一段时间，即使在当今这个环境污染日益严重的社会，有60%-80%的癌症仍是可以预防的。中医有句名言：“正气存内，邪不可干。”也就是说，当人体健康状况良好、抵抗力强的时候，各种致病因素是很难侵入人体而发病的。而采自纯天然环境的野生燕窝，完全可以提高人体免疫力的作用，达到预防癌症的目的。对于未经治疗的癌症患者来说，此时选择燕窝是不恰当的，说得严重一点，无疑于抱薪救火。癌症的治疗措施，无非是手术、放疗、化疗。在完成这些治疗方法后，病人往往身体虚弱，免疫力低下，此时再投以有良好滋补作用的燕窝，那简直就是雪中送炭了。例如，在二十世纪八十年代，香港的学者研究发现，燕窝能增强人体对X射线及其他放射线损害的抵御能力，这为燕窝应用于癌症放疗患者提供了强有力的理论基础。
　　4、强心、降压作用日本有位学者藤冈睦，他为了研究燕窝的药理作用，曾经进行了这样的一个动物实验：将小狗麻醉后，连通人工呼吸机，将小狗开胸后，在小狗的心脏内安放各种测量仪器，以便记录小狗的心脏收缩力和血压。然后将燕窝的提取物应用于小狗，观察应用后小狗心率，心脏收缩力和血压的变化。结果发现，燕窝的提取物对小狗的心率没有什么影响，但是可以显著地增强小狗的心脏收缩力，因此可以认为燕窝的提取物具有强心的作用。而且，从一定的剂量开始，燕窝的提取物就显示出降血压的作用，并且是特定性地作用于舒张期血压，也就是通常所说的低压。有高血压的朋友都知道，相对而言，收缩压的降低要更难一些。目前，心脑血管疾病已经成为危害人类健康的头号杀手，燕窝的这种强心、降压（尤其是降低舒张压）作用，将带给人类更多的希望。
　　5、抗氧化，防衰老最新的医学研究证明，燕窝是一种抗氧化食品，具有排毒功效，长期食用可达到延缓衰老的目的。衰老是人的身体随着年龄的增长，而逐渐产生的一系列形态结构和生理功能的退化过程，是生命活动的自然规律。但是，如果能正确掌握衰老的客观规律，选择和创造有利条件，就可以延缓衰老，益寿延年。衰老的过程伴随的是一系列生物体功能的减退。老年人的免疫功能明显下降，主要表现为免疫监视功能降低，细胞免疫功能下降，淋巴细胞的分裂、增殖能力减退，致使免疫调节功能低下，衰老加快。现代医学研究已经证实，人的衰老与体内自由基的关系极为密切。自由基代谢及其清除系统平衡失调，修复遗传物质损伤的功能减退，负责清除自由基的超氧化物歧化酶的活性降低，生物新陈代谢过程中产生的超氧会离子自由基、羟自由基等不能被有效地清除，可能使生物膜的不饱和脂肪酸发生氧化而影响结构，攻击蛋白质使之发生交联而改变了酢的功能，进而损伤DNA引起突变，加速衰老。燕窝及其提取物，一方面具有增强免疫功能，另一方面，又具有抗氧化作用，在预防衰老方面有很强的对抗性，因此也具有非常神奇的功效。对此最有体会的，大概就是那些影视歌坛成名已久的女明星们了。
　　6、抗疲劳作用疲劳，是当今社会许多人的共同感受。生活节奏的日益加快，令人喘不过气的工作压力，又怎能是一个“累”字了得？普通人活得已经很累，更不要说那些明星们了。燕窝的抗疲劳作用，已经从那些所谓的明星们那里得到了很好的印证。在娱乐新闻中，你很容易看到某明星在演唱会后或拍片之余，吃燕窝以保持精力的报导。在中国卫生部一九九九年批准的保健食品店品目录中，就有西洋参燕窝口服液，而批准的功能就是抗疲劳！燕窝生长环境对人体的良性调节作用环境和可持续发展问题，已成为当今最困扰地球人类的问题。由环境污染带来的对人类健康的负面影响是触目惊心的。地球拒绝污染，人类呼唤绿争。而“养在深闺”的燕窝，就非常符合人类的“绿色”理念。燕窝大多生长在远离人类居住区的海边洞穴里恒湿、低杂讯、空气清新、含有较多的负离子；而且知人类自下而上环境污染越来越严重的今天，人迹罕至的洞穴中，有害微生物与放射性元素含量要远远低于地面的大气环境，在这种优良环境中出产的燕窝，无疑能给一些疾病患者提供了改善生理、心理状况和治病的优良条件。
　　7、孕产期保健之佳品根据报导，在新加坡，有一半以上的孕妇食用各种燕窝制品，以确保未来的宝宝更健康，避免让自己的宝宝输在起跑点上。事实证明，孕妇在生产前两三个月食用燕窝，不仅能使母亲身体强健，而且能使未来的新生婴儿更强壮、更白皙、更漂亮、更不易生病。产后的妇女，要缓解哺育孩子的劳累，要恢复生产前窈窕的身姿，燕窝是最佳的天然滋补食品。其性味甘、平，对孕妇和产后妇女而言，补而不腻，没有任何不良反应。
　　8、其他的功效其余有媒体报导的燕窝作用有：
　　a.抗衰老，改善血液循环，对中老年人体力、精神活力、记忆力及生理功能的衰退有明显疗效。
　　b.护肤养颜，令皮肤滑润洁白，减少脸部皱纹，清除暗疮。补血活血，去瘀生新，对妇女经期不适、经痛、月经过多有良好疗效。产后服用可促进子宫及体型复原。
　　c.降低胆固醇，对高血压脑血管闭塞的心绞痛、胸闷、气促有良好的防治作用。
　　d.壮腰健肾，治疗腰骨及四肢关节酸痛、风湿性关节炎、手足麻痹、头错眼花及飞蚊症有效。
　　e.消除因学业或工作压力产生的疲劳，增强记忆力。
　　f.增强身体抵抗力，预防伤风感冒，治疗身体虚弱、痰喘咳嗽。
　　g.对B型肝炎、肝硬化有一定的疗效。

Swiftlet Industry: swiflet real habitat#links

2008-11-20T00:56:00.000-08:00

www.yongkangbirdnest.comSwiftlet Industry: swiflet real habitat#links

swiflet real habitat

2008-11-20T00:31:00.000-08:00

科学研究 Vs 传统燕窝处理过程

2008-11-02T22:15:00.000-08:00

2008-10-31T01:53:00.000-07:00

燕窝润肤液

燕窝润肤液提取自燕窝, 该浓缩液富含糖，氨基酸和矿物盐，其有效建立皮肤胶原蛋白的愈合和防止皱纹的形成，使皮肤永葆青春，焕发光彩。此外，它也通过水溶性维生素E和抗氧化剂，保护我们的皮肤免受有害自由基和水的流失，保持皮肤水分平衡。该浓缩液通过加速细胞的生长、增强皮肤免疫力，从而维持健康和美丽的皮肤，促使容光焕发。

成分:

燕窝提取物，羧甲基纤维素钠，钠乙二胺四乙酸，尿囊素，Glucono Delta Lactone,柠檬酸钠，透明质酸钠，甘草提取物，甘油，维生素E ，黄瓜提取液，乳酸钠， Lactofemine, 2-phenoxyethanol (and) 2-Methyl-4-Isothiazolin-3-one, 香水, Polysorbate 80, Deionised Water.

更多咨询 www.yongkangbirdnest.com

2008-10-31T01:35:00.000-07:00

燕窝抗衰老霜

燕窝抗衰老霜提取自昂贵燕窝，富含糖蛋白、氨基酸和矿物盐，所含成分能够促使皮肤胶原蛋白的愈合和防止皱纹，焕发皮肤青春光采。

它富含维生素E，一种众所周知的抗氧化剂能够保护我们的皮肤免受有害自由基损伤和水份的流失。这细致的面霜让你的皮肤健康和美丽，因为它加速细胞的生长，激发和加强你的皮肤免疫力，使皮肤更加细腻光滑，容光焕发。

成分:

鸟巢提取物， Sobitol ，甘油，乳酸钠， Cyclopentasiloxane ，透明质酸钠，尿囊素，维生素E ，香水， Lactoferrine ， C12-C15烷基苯甲酸，氧化玉米油, 2-Phenoxyethanol (and) 2- Methyl-4-Isothiazolin-3-one,二氧化钛, Hydrogenated, Polydecene, Hydroxystearic Acid,丙烯酸酯钠, Copolymer and Paraffium Liquidum with PPG-1 trideceth-6, Deionised Water.

详细资料请游览 www.yongkangbirdnest.com

2008-10-31T01:27:00.000-07:00

永康燕窝科学研究报告

营养研究成分
灰份 0.5 – 0.7 %
纤维 0.5 – 0.7 %
蛋白质 56.7 – 63.5 %
脂肪 0.5 – 1. %
潮湿 ±.10 %
碳水化合物 20.1 – 25.7 %

- 永康燕窝拥有17 种氨基酸可帮助细胞和皮肤组织再生

- 永康燕窝蛋白在于150-40 kD 且拥有非常明显的145和 100kD蛋白燕窝功效和营养价值燕窝含有丰富的氨基酸与活性蛋白。这活性蛋白拥有表皮生长因子，可刺激细胞生长。燕窝也相信可滋补养颜，使之容光焕发。根据中国大辞典的记载：

1. 燕窝功能可益气，润肺，开胃，止咳，治血痢。
2. 燕窝含多种水溶性氨基酸，婴儿和孩童常吃能长智慧，抗敏感，中气充足。
3. 孕妇在怀孕期间，产前产后进食，则有安胎，补胎之效。
4. 燕窝是碱性液，对食道癌，咽喉癌，胃癌，肝癌，直肠癌等有抑制和抗衡作用。
5. 凡经电疗，化疗而引起的后遗症，食燕窝都有明显的改善。
6. 使人皮肤光滑，有弹性和光泽，从而减少皱纹。

更多咨询查询 www.yongkangbirdnest.com

你知道市场上95%的燕窝都含有毒化学物质吗？

2008-10-31T01:25:00.000-07:00

经过中国毒奶事件后，你还相信自己看了就能分辨燕窝的真假吗？
一小瓶的矿泉水都有标签，请问你有看过燕窝的验证标签吗？
在一个很偶然的情况下认识了大学微生物及食品保鲜专家。在他的的指引下，了解了市场燕窝的品质。可以说95%的燕窝都掺了有毒的化学物质.
由于无知用了漂白水破坏了燕窝珍贵的水溶性氨基酸，表皮生长因子（EGF），另外也加了防腐剂或色素和添加剂。
对燕窝的认知，打从心里就有一个使命了，就是打着健康燕窝文化。

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燕窝的医药药理作用与临床应用

Swiftlet Industry: swiflet real habitat#links

swiflet real habitat

科学研究 Vs 传统 燕窝处理过程

你知道市场上95%的燕窝都含有毒化学物质吗？

马来西亚燕窝生意兴旺引发当地居民抗议

科学研究 Vs 传统燕窝处理过程